{"id":11516,"date":"2022-09-29T11:33:41","date_gmt":"2022-09-29T10:33:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=11516"},"modified":"2024-04-09T06:43:14","modified_gmt":"2024-04-09T05:43:14","slug":"realizmi-shkencor-dhe-instrumentalizmi-debati-shekullor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=11516","title":{"rendered":"Realizmi Shkencor dhe Instrumentalizmi – Debati Shekullor!"},"content":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu \u2013 Ars Poetica, Sht 2022<\/em><\/p>\n

(…vall\u00eb, kemi arsye t\u00eb “dyshojm\u00eb” n\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsin\u00eb e gjykimeve shkencore, apo s’kemi si ta dim\u00eb – si p\u00ebr ironi, as vet\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt s’e din\u00eb, jan\u00eb t\u00eb “p\u00ebr\u00e7ar\u00eb” madje dhe sot e k\u00ebsaj dite, edhe 100 vjet pas Ajnshtajnit<\/strong>…)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

***
\nDebatet rreth realizmit shkencor kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me \u00e7\u00ebshtjen sa ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb njer\u00ebzimi t\u00eb shpresoj\u00eb ose t\u00eb besoj\u00eb se shkenca do ta “ngop\u00eb” realisht kureshtjen e njeriut lidhur me \u00e7\u2019\u00ebsht\u00eb bota n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb?. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt realist\u00eb (n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn grupnaj\u00eb b\u00ebnte pjes\u00eb dhe Ajnshtajni) pohojn\u00eb se njer\u00ebzimi ka arsye t\u00eb mira p\u00ebr t\u2019besuar n\u00eb parimet e shkenc\u00ebs. Sipas “realist\u00ebve” bota jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb dhe e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, pik\u00ebrisht si\u00e7 na e “sqaron” shkenca. S’kemi ndonj\u00eb arsye t\u00eb “dyshojm\u00eb” n\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsin\u00eb e gjykimeve shkencore.<\/p>\n

Realist\u00ebt shkencor priren t\u00eb jen\u00eb optimist\u00eb \u2013 kuptohet, anti-realist\u00ebt priren dhe bazohen n\u00eb skepticizmin. Realist\u00ebt thon\u00eb se duke patur parasysh parashikimet spektakolare, inxhinierike dhe sukseset “teorike” t\u00eb teorive m\u00eb t\u00eb mira shkencore, do ishte pothuaj e “pakuptimt\u00eb” n\u00ebse ato t\u2019mos ishin p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht t\u00eb sakta (t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta).
\nMir\u00ebpo (shtrohet pyetja) si ta dim\u00eb realisht se v\u00ebrtet \u00ebsht\u00eb ashtu?<\/p>\n

Gjithsesi, nj\u00eb shekull m\u00eb her\u00ebt Ajnshtajni dhe Realist\u00ebt paten “humbur”. Fitimtar\u00eb do ishin Niels Bohr dhe Instrumentalist\u00ebt e “filozofis\u00eb” shkencore. Q\u00eb nga ajo koh\u00eb Instrumentalizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb par\u00eb si norm\u00eb, anise debati \u00ebsht\u00eb vazhduar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb aktive p\u00ebr t’mos u ndalur as sot e k\u00ebsaj dite.<\/p>\n

***
\nDisa nga idet\u00eb intelektuale m\u00eb sfiduese dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht m\u00eb t\u00eb “avancuara” t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs moderne padyshim jan\u00eb t\u00eb ashtuquajturat “Materia + Energjia e Err\u00ebt”, “Probabiliteti Kuantik”, “Dualiteti i Val\u00eb-Grimcave”, “Vet\u00ebdija Kuantike”, “Shp\u00ebrthimi i Madh (Big Bang)”, “Parimi i Pasiguris\u00eb (s\u00eb Heisenbergut)”, “Teoria e Unifikuar (e Fushave)”, “G\u00ebrshetimi Kuantik dhe Jo-lokaliteti”, “Teoria e Relativitetit”, “Vrimat e Zeza”, “Principet Antropike”, e edhe ndonj\u00eb di\u00e7 tjet\u00ebr e ngjashme.<\/p>\n

Gjithsesi, duke ditur se shum\u00e7ka e shkenc\u00ebs jan\u00eb teorizime marramend\u00ebse, pastaj si\u00e7 pohojn\u00eb Realist\u00ebt (e filozofis\u00eb shkencore), duke u bazuar n\u00eb sukseset “teorike” (m\u00eb t\u00eb mira) t\u00eb teorive shkencore, at\u00ebher\u00eb si t\u00eb orientohemi kur aq shum\u00eb gj\u00ebra nga materia e shkenc\u00ebs s’dihet n\u00ebse jan\u00eb “teori t\u00eb suksesshme” apo (herdokur) do t\u00eb braktisen?!<\/p>\n

Bie fjala si ta v\u00ebrtetojm\u00eb “String-teorin\u00eb” ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb, si t’i v\u00ebrtetojm\u00eb panum\u00ebr dimensionet e saj (anise, nga 20 e kusur… string-ist\u00ebt tashm\u00eb i kan\u00eb reduktuar dimensionet n\u00eb 10-11 sosh – por athua vall\u00eb pse i reduktuan!). N\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb t\u00eb bazohemi se teorizimet e Hawking p\u00ebr t\u00eb ashtuquajturat “vrimat e zeza” do jen\u00eb sukses i pal\u00ebkundsh\u00ebm? Ose p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht, vall\u00eb si ta dim\u00eb se do jen\u00eb t\u00eb suksesshme grumbulli sa marramendja i “teorive” t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs moderne?<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fakt, bota shkencore \u00ebsht\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb “dysh” si asnj\u00ebher\u00eb gjat\u00eb historis\u00eb, ka me dhjetra nobelist\u00eb q\u00eb i mundon e nj\u00ebjta skeps\u00eb. S\u00ebfundi dhe vet\u00eb Dr. Stringu (Michio Kaku, nj\u00ebri nga themeluesit dhe forca shtyt\u00ebse prapa “String-Teoris\u00eb”) n\u00eb librin me titull “Ekuacioni i Zotit” e pati shpalosur dhimbjen e vet.<\/p>\n

Edhe n\u00eb media e pati pranuar se e kan\u00eb nj\u00eb “armat\u00eb kritik\u00ebsh”, se nj\u00eb LHC (Large Hadron Collider) m\u00eb i madh nuk ofron asnj\u00eb garanci p\u00ebr t\u00eb “d\u00ebshmuar” gj\u00eb (dmth. tani meq\u00eb shpenzimi i miliardave p\u00ebr LHC-n aktual, nuk doli i “mjaftuesh\u00ebm”. Psh. Sabine Hossenfelder shum\u00e7ka t\u00eb teorive i pati hedhur posht, me “supersymmetry”, me “multiverse” e me “string”\u2026 varg e varg i pati quajtur “useless” (teorizime kot).<\/p>\n

E prap\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb qarqet e caktuara t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs “teorike” k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb t\u00eb shpenzohen dhjetra e dhjetra miliarda t\u00eb tjer\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb super-LHC, ndoshta 100km n\u00eb diamet\u00ebr. Ai aktual (Cern) me diamet\u00ebr prej 30 km ishte pak, p\u00ebr dy dekada miliardat e taksapaguesve u dogj\u00ebn n\u00eb er\u00eb, p\u00ebr ta “zbuluar” nj\u00eb bozon hipotetik, nj\u00eb “grimc\u00eb” t\u00eb pasiguris\u00eb… apo \u00e7far\u00eb, pse na duhet tani nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr me 100km-diamet\u00ebr!<\/p>\n

***
\nN\u00eb filozofin\u00eb e shkenc\u00ebs “Realizmi” \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebpamja se vlera e koncepteve dhe e teorive shkencore nuk p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00ebse ato jan\u00eb fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr fjal\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta, ose n\u00ebse n\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb kuptimi korrespondojn\u00eb me realitetin. Por vlera varet nga shkalla sa ndihmojn\u00eb ato p\u00ebr t’b\u00ebr\u00eb parashikime t\u00eb sakta empirike, ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur probleme konceptuale.<\/p>\n

Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, realizmi shkencor \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebpamja q\u00eb teorit\u00eb shkencore t\u00eb konfirmuara jan\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt realist\u00eb pohojn\u00eb se ne kemi arsye t\u00eb mira p\u00ebr t\u2019besuar n\u00eb parimet e tyre. N\u00ebse bazohemi n\u00eb parashikimet spektakolare dhe n\u00eb sukseset “teorike” t\u00eb teorive shkencore, do t\u2019ishte pothuaj e “pakuptimt\u00eb” q\u00eb ato t\u2019mos ishin p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht t\u00eb sakta (te verteta).<\/p>\n

Kjo linj\u00eb e natyrshme e mendimit e ka nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb respektuar n\u00eb familjen mbar\u00ebbot\u00ebrore t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, megjithat\u00eb ka qen\u00eb subjekt i mosmarr\u00ebveshjes filozofike q\u00eb nga fillimi i shkenc\u00ebs moderne.<\/p>\n

Sipas Michael Liston (Univ. i Wisconsin-Milwaukee, ShBA), n\u00eb vitet \u201970 (dmth. t\u00eb shek. q\u00eb lam\u00eb pas) nj\u00eb form\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e fort\u00eb e realizmit shkencor u mbrojt nga Putnam, Boyd dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Sipas Liston “realizmi shkencor” i k\u00ebsaj periudhe karakterizohet nga k\u00ebto angazhime si vijon:<\/p>\n

1. Shkenca synon t\u00eb jap\u00eb nj\u00eb llogari t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb p\u00ebr bot\u00ebn
\n2. Ta pranosh nj\u00eb teori \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb besosh se ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb (af\u00ebrsisht) e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb
\n3. Ekziston nj\u00eb bot\u00eb e caktuar e pavarur nga “mendorja” dhe nj\u00eb bot\u00eb tjet\u00ebr e pavarur nga “gjuh\u00ebsorja”
\n4. Teorit\u00eb jan\u00eb v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta (kur ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta), pjes\u00ebrisht sepse konceptet e tyre “mbyllen” ose korrespondojn\u00eb me pronat e v\u00ebrteta q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin rrjedhsh\u00ebm p\u00ebrdorimin e suksessh\u00ebm t\u00eb koncepteve
\n5. Progresi i shkenc\u00ebs konvertohet asimptotikisht n\u00eb nj\u00eb llogari t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb.<\/p>\n

***
\nQ\u00eb nga v. 1912 \u00e7do tre vite mblidhen fizikant\u00ebt dhe kimist\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb shquar nga mbar\u00eb bota, dhe sipas agjend\u00ebs aktuale-konferenciale diskutojn\u00eb p\u00ebr arritjet dhe problematikat e Fizik\u00ebs dhe Kimis\u00eb, dy fusha k\u00ebto jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb gjera shkencore.<\/p>\n

Rreth tubimeve p\u00ebr Fizik\u00ebn, gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb historis\u00eb ndoshta m\u00eb interesantja ishte Konferenca e 5-t\u00eb, me tem\u00ebn Elektronet dhe Fotonet, n\u00eb Tetor t\u00eb 1927. Fizikant\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb shquar t\u00eb bot\u00ebs qen\u00eb takuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb diskutuar rreth Teoris\u00eb Kuantike at\u00ebbot\u00eb t\u00eb sapoformuluar. Figurat kryesore ishin Albert Einstein dhe Niels Bohr.<\/p>\n

At\u00ebbot\u00eb, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt i mundonte misteri n\u00ebse elektronet, fotonet dhe entitete t\u00eb ngjashme na ishin val\u00eb apo grimca.\u00a0 N\u00eb disa eksperimente silleshin si val\u00eb (fotoni psh.), n\u00eb tjerash eksperimente… na “shtireshin” si grimca. Niels Bohr do propozonte se “val\u00ebt” jan\u00eb entitete th\u00ebrmijore joekzistente, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 n\u00ebse t\u00eb tentohej “v\u00ebzhgimi” i tyre. Sipas Bohr, akti i v\u00ebzhgimit e “shkaktonte” ekzistenc\u00ebn e tyre. P\u00ebrndryshe t\u00eb tilla entitete s’kishin realitet t\u00eb pavarur n\u00eb kuptimin e zakonsh\u00ebm fizik.<\/p>\n

Mir\u00ebpo sipas Ajnshtajnit elektroni ishte elektron, tani vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb “mosv\u00ebzhgimit” si t\u00eb shpjegohej q\u00eb elektroni sakaq na b\u00ebhet “joekzistent”! P\u00ebr rreth 3 dekada tutje Bohr dhe ai do debatonin pa e l\u00ebshuar “perin”, n\u00eb fakt, deri n\u00eb vdekjen e Ajnshtajnit. Bohr e kishte vulosur sigurin\u00eb, “\u00ebsht\u00eb e gabuar t\u00eb mendosh se detyra e fizik\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb zbulimi i ‘natyr\u00ebs’ s\u00eb vet\u00eb natyr\u00ebs”! Ajnshtajni nuk pajtohej, sipas tij “q\u00ebllimi i vet\u00ebm i asaj q\u00eb e quajm\u00eb shkenc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimi se \u00e7’\u00ebsht\u00eb natyra”!<\/p>\n

M\u00eb von\u00eb “pik\u00ebpamja” e Bohr do b\u00ebhej e njohur si “interpretimi i Kopenhag\u00ebs” – ironikisht, sot pik\u00ebpamja m\u00eb e “pranuar” e shkenc\u00ebs kuantike.<\/p>\n

Dihet se Ajnshtajni kishte probleme me “Kuantikat”, sipas tij qasja kuantike ishte di\u00e7 si “kund\u00ebrshti fondamentale p\u00ebr shkenc\u00ebn moderne”. N\u00eb v. 1938 n\u00eb nj\u00eb let\u00ebr pati shkruar se (Teoria Kuantike) “n\u00eb fush\u00ebn inorganike tashm\u00eb ve\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb si qasje mashtruese. N\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb mase \u00ebsht\u00eb parim i dyfisht\u00eb, i cili m\u00eb shum\u00eb i ngjan\u00eb shpjegimit sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsor primitiv dhe rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsisht i kund\u00ebrvihet shkenc\u00ebs moderne”.<\/p>\n

Pra kjo konferenc\u00eb sikur do ishte kulmi i “luft\u00ebs debatuese” mes Ajnshtajnit (s\u00eb bashku me “realist\u00ebt” e vet, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt i p\u00ebrkrahnin rregullat strikte t\u00eb metod\u00ebs shkencore t\u00eb parashtruara nga Charles Peirce dhe Karl Popper), kundrejt Bohrit dhe “instrumentalist\u00ebve”, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt k\u00ebrkonin rregulla m\u00eb “elastike”, sipas tyre konkluzat duhej mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb rezultateve.<\/p>\n

***
\nFotoja ngjitur – Pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit e Konferenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Pest\u00eb t\u00eb Solvay, 1927 \u2013 29 pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs, 17 prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve ishin ose u b\u00ebn\u00eb fitues t\u00eb \u00c7mimit Nobel, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb laureaten e dyfisht\u00eb Marie Curie, si e vetmja mes tyre q\u00eb ka fituar \u00c7mimet Nobel n\u00eb dy disiplina t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta shkencore.<\/p>\n

Auguste Piccard (1884-1962), \u00c9mile Henriot (1885-1961), Paul Ehrenfest (1880-1933), \u00c9douard Herzen (1877-1936), Th\u00e9ophile de Donder (1872-1957), Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger (1887-1961) [ Nobel, 1933 ], Jules-\u00c9mile Verschaffelt (1870-1955), Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958) [ Nobel, 1945 ], Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) [ Nobel, 1932 ], Ralph Fowler (1889-1944), L\u00e9on Brillouin (1889-1969), Peter Debye (1884-1966), Martin Knudsen (1871-1949), William Bragg (1890-1971) [ Nobel, 1915 ], Hendrik Kramers (1894-1952), Paul Dirac (1902-1984) [ Nobel, 1933 ], Arthur Compton (1892-1962) [ Nobel, 1927 ], Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) [ Nobel, 1929 ], Max Born (1882-1970) [ Nobel, 1954 ], Niels Bohr (1885-1962) [ Nobel, 1922 ], Irving Langmuir (1881-1957), Max Planck (1858-1947) [ Nobel, 1918 ], Marie Curie (1867-1934) [ Nobel, 1903, 1911 ], Hendrik Lorentz (1853-1928) [ Nobel, 1902 ], Albert Einstein (1879-1955) [ Nobel, 1921 ], Paul Langevin (1872-1946), Charles-Eug\u00e8ne Guye (1866-1942), Charles Wilson (1868-1959) [ Nobel, 1927 ], Owen Richardson (1879-1959) [ Nobel, 1928 ]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu \u2013 Ars Poetica, Sht 2022 (…vall\u00eb, kemi arsye t\u00eb “dyshojm\u00eb” n\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsin\u00eb e gjykimeve shkencore, apo s’kemi si ta dim\u00eb – si p\u00ebr ironi, as vet\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt s’e din\u00eb, jan\u00eb t\u00eb “p\u00ebr\u00e7ar\u00eb” madje dhe sot e k\u00ebsaj dite,… Lexo →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-komente"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11516","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11516"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11516\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11516"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11516"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11516"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}