{"id":12004,"date":"2022-11-27T15:27:12","date_gmt":"2022-11-27T14:27:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=12004"},"modified":"2024-04-09T05:57:50","modified_gmt":"2024-04-09T04:57:50","slug":"12004","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=12004","title":{"rendered":"Aristoteli si Racist, dhe “Athina e Zez\u00eb” si kamban\u00eb e nd\u00ebrgjegjes!"},"content":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – AP, N 2022<\/em><\/p>\n

“\u00cbsht\u00eb e dobishme t\u00eb kthehemi tek st\u00ebrgjyshi i gjith\u00eb teoricien\u00ebve racor: Aristoteli. P\u00ebr ta kuptuar rolin e Aristotelit n\u00eb hedhjen e bazave p\u00ebr “shkenc\u00ebn e rac\u00ebs”, duhet ta kuptojm\u00eb sa i rr\u00ebnjosur \u00ebsht\u00eb ai n\u00eb shkenc\u00ebn dhe filozofin\u00eb per\u00ebndimore<\/strong>… – Matthew Sears<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

| – vijim –
\nT\u00eb thuash se femrat, krahasuar me meshkujt, na paskan m\u00eb pak dh\u00ebmb\u00eb (n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb, Bertrand Russell madje sikur qe tallur me Aristotelin, thuase i thoshte “l\u00ebre mo burri i bot\u00ebs, me gruan nat\u00eb p\u00ebr nat\u00eb dhe s’t\u00eb shkrepi mendja t’ia num\u00ebrosh dh\u00ebmb\u00ebt”), t\u00eb konkludosh se jan\u00eb gjithsej shtat\u00eb trupa qiellor\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrsosur dhe se nuk ndryshojn\u00eb kurr\u00eb, t\u00eb thuash se jan\u00eb t\u00eb “gjall\u00eb”, se universi na qenka i “gjall\u00eb”, se gjith\u00e7ka e qiellit v\u00ebrtitet rreth Tok\u00ebs (dihet se Aristoteli e pati mb\u00ebshtetur modelin gjeocentrik t\u00eb universit, u desh\u00ebn t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb mbi 10 shekuj tutje q\u00eb t\u00eb “triumfonte” heliocentrizmi)… etj. etj. panum\u00ebr pohimesh t\u00eb ngjashme, mir\u00ebpo tekefundit cilado lajthitje e k\u00ebsaj natyre, thjesht asgj\u00eb. Gjithkujt do i ngjallet buz\u00ebqeshja, sepse jan\u00eb “gabime” aq t\u00eb pafajshme.<\/p>\n

Madje, del si mrekulli fakti q\u00eb n\u00eb shek. IV pes (dmth. n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e Aristotelit) intelektual\u00ebt ishin n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb kuptonin se toka \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sfer\u00eb. N\u00ebse kihet parasysh q\u00eb pas zbulimit t\u00eb kontinentit t\u00eb 4-t\u00eb (Amerik\u00ebs) u desh pothuaj t\u00eb kalonte dhe nj\u00eb shekull tutje q\u00eb t\u00eb “pranohej” intelektualisht koncepti i ri i bot\u00ebs (gjeografia e re kontinentale). Dihet se nj\u00eb publikim francez p\u00ebr hesapet gjeografike i vitit 1555 (dmth. edhe pse Amerika i kishte 50-60 vjet tashm\u00eb q\u00eb ishte zbuluar) akoma e paraqiste bot\u00ebn sipas modelit 3-kontinental, Europa-Afrika-Azia. N\u00ebse n\u00eb v. 1555 ishte aq e “v\u00ebshtir\u00eb”, at\u00ebher\u00eb si t’na ishte e “leht\u00eb” 1000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

***
\nNj\u00eb artikull i “New York Times” (i v. 2020) nuk titullohej ndryshe por “A duhet ta anulojm\u00eb (p\u00ebrjashtojm\u00eb) Aristotelin?”. Pyetje-titullit t\u00eb vet, autorja, profesoresha Agnes Callard i p\u00ebrgjigjej aty p\u00ebr aty “jo, Aristoteli nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb armiku yn\u00eb”.<\/p>\n

Diku tjet\u00ebr, nj\u00ebsoj si profesoresha Callard, edhe nj\u00eb autor tjet\u00ebr vet\u00eb pyet vet\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet, pa ia vajtur asfare “rrotull”. Autori Jard J. Lerebours pyet “a e filloi Aristoteli trash\u00ebgimin\u00eb e ep\u00ebrsis\u00eb (supremacis\u00eb) s\u00eb bardh\u00eb n\u00eb tradit\u00ebn filozofike per\u00ebndimore? Pastaj vet\u00ebp\u00ebrgjigjet. Nj\u00eb njoll\u00eb n\u00eb karrier\u00ebn e shquar t\u00eb Aristotelit ishte besimi i tij n\u00eb skllev\u00ebr t\u00eb lindur natyral\u00eb, i cili shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr ta justifikuar skllav\u00ebrimin e afrikan\u00ebve”!<\/p>\n

Profesoresha Callard n\u00eb artikullin e vet do i qart\u00ebsonte gj\u00ebrat q\u00eb dihen, do i varg\u00ebzonte gj\u00ebrat q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb qarta; se Aristoteli e mbrojti skllav\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe se e kund\u00ebrshtoi nocionin e barazis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore. E v\u00ebrtet se ishte nj\u00eb racist, por ja q\u00eb ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb armiku yn\u00eb. E thoshte k\u00ebt\u00eb askund tjet\u00ebr por n\u00eb mes t\u00eb “New York Times”, sepse Callard \u00ebsht\u00eb filozofe dhe profesoresh\u00eb, tekefundit thjesht p\u00ebr hir t\u00eb “liris\u00eb s\u00eb fjal\u00ebs” e ka privilegjin.<\/p>\n

Tutje Callard sqaron se si Aristoteli jo thjesht e justifikoi skllav\u00ebrin\u00eb, por dhe e mbrojti justifikimin e vet; jo thjesht e mbrojti… por e mbrojti n\u00eb kuptimin se skllav\u00ebrimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i dobish\u00ebm p\u00ebr skllavin. Meq\u00eb pik\u00ebpamja e Aristotelit ishte se disa njer\u00ebz, nga natyra, s’jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje ta ndjekin t\u00eb mir\u00ebn e tyre. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb “mjete, vegla t\u00eb gjalla”, p\u00ebr t’u p\u00ebrdorur nga njer\u00ebzit e tjer\u00eb: “skllavi \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e zot\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb vet (veg\u00ebl e pronarit), nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e gjall\u00eb por e ndar\u00eb e korniz\u00ebs s\u00eb tij trupore”.<\/p>\n

Profesoresha Callard s’e mohon se gabimi i Aristotelit ishte mjaft i r\u00ebnd\u00eb, aq sa (n\u00ebse krahasohet) ai del fort keq dhe ndaj “djemve t\u00eb k\u00ebqinj” t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb historis\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin justifikim p\u00ebr p\u00ebrjashtimin e grupeve t\u00eb caktuara – grave, zezak\u00ebve, hebrenjve, homoseksual\u00ebve, ateist\u00ebve – nga ombrella strehuese e dinjitetit njer\u00ebzor. Sepse Aristoteli pati shkuar aq larg sa t\u00eb mendonte se nuk kishte fare ombrell\u00eb (t\u00eb dinjitetit njer\u00ebzor).<\/p>\n

Madje, antiliberalizmi i Aristotelit nuk ndalet vet\u00ebm me kaq. Ai besonte se grat\u00eb ishin t\u00eb paafta p\u00ebr t’marr\u00eb vendime autoritare. Dhe se Aristoteli po ashtu e “dekretoi” q\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e krahut, pavar\u00ebsisht se nuk ishin as skllev\u00ebr e as gra, gjithsesi u ndalohej shtet\u00ebsia ose arsimimi n\u00eb qytetin (shtetin) e tij ideal.<\/p>\n

Dhe asgj\u00eb, profesoresha Callard s’e ka t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb imagjinat\u00ebn e rrethanave n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat nj\u00eb “alien” mund t\u00eb thot\u00eb se grat\u00eb jan\u00eb inferiore ndaj burrave, pa shkaktuar ofendim tek ajo. Callard e justifikon Aristotelin me “intervalin e gjat\u00eb kohor”, me distanc\u00ebn a me larg\u00ebsin\u00eb mij\u00ebvje\u00e7are, dhe thjesht e krahason me nj\u00eb “alien”, mbase androgjenik. Ose supozo, shkruan ajo, se ky alien nuk kishte fare gjini n\u00eb planetin e vet, por p\u00ebrfundimin e inferioritetit fem\u00ebror e arrin gjat\u00eb v\u00ebzhgimit t\u00eb planetit ton\u00eb. P\u00ebr sa koh\u00eb alieni m\u00eb flet me respekt, jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb do isha e gatshme ta d\u00ebgjoj, por dhe do isha e interesuar t\u00eb m\u00ebsoj rreth argumentit “alienik”.<\/p>\n

Dmth. (bazuar n\u00eb “empirizmin aristotelian” – sh\u00ebn. im) v\u00ebzhgimi i “alienit” s’\u00ebsht\u00eb asfare m\u00eb ndryshe nga v\u00ebzhgimi i bipedalizmit, i “dy-k\u00ebmb\u00ebsis\u00eb” aristoteliane, ja pse mund t\u00eb justifikohet Aristoteli. Profesoresha Callard Aristotelin e lexon si nj\u00eb “alien” t\u00eb till\u00eb (\u00ebsht\u00eb fakt se qasja e Aristotelit ndaj etik\u00ebs ishte empirike – dometh\u00ebn\u00eb bazohej n\u00eb v\u00ebzhgim – sh\u00ebn im). Dhe kur do shihte se p\u00ebrreth tij ka nj\u00eb bot\u00eb skllav\u00ebrie, bot\u00eb t\u00eb n\u00ebnshtrimit t\u00eb grave dhe t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve t\u00eb krahut, Aristoteli do konkludonte si\u00e7 dhe pati konkluduar – at\u00eb situat\u00eb pastaj dhe do ta p\u00ebrfshinte n\u00eb teorin\u00eb e tij etike.<\/p>\n

Kur e lexon Aristotelin, Callard e sheh pik\u00ebrisht at\u00eb pamje t\u00eb bot\u00ebs s\u00eb at\u00ebhershme – asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjitha \u00e7far\u00eb ajo sheh. Callard nuk “lexon” ndonj\u00eb q\u00ebllim t\u00eb keq apo motiv t\u00eb fsheht\u00eb pas filozofis\u00eb aristoteliane. Ajo “nuk i interpreton fjal\u00ebt e Aristotelit si nj\u00eb shenj\u00eb e karakterit t\u00eb keq. As si p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr p\u00ebrcjelljen e nj\u00eb mesazhi t\u00eb rreziksh\u00ebm q\u00eb mund t’na duhet t’i kund\u00ebrvihemi, ose ta heshtim p\u00ebr t’i mbrojtur t\u00eb pambrojturit”.<\/p>\n

E megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb argumenteve profesoresha Callard e pranon se distanca e madhe kohore e Aristotelit, (duke qen\u00eb tep\u00ebr larg nga koha jon\u00eb) e b\u00ebn artificialisht t\u00eb leht\u00eb trajtimin e tij si nj\u00eb “alien”.
\nProfesoresha Callard nuk e p\u00ebrmend as dhe nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb vetme, bie fjala rreth “tregtis\u00eb transatlantike” me skllev\u00ebrit. Asaj i p\u00eblqen ta hesht faktin (1 fakt nd\u00ebr qindra fakte tjera) q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsit evropian\u00eb t\u00eb skllav\u00ebris\u00eb, kolonializmi dhe kolonialist\u00ebt e p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebt\u00eb argument nga Aristoteli p\u00ebr t\u00eb justifikuar afro-skllav\u00ebrimin.<\/p>\n

Anise (si pasoj\u00eb, si influenc\u00eb) Aristoteli s’mund t\u00eb konsiderohet i vetmi “p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs” p\u00ebr tmerret e skllav\u00ebris\u00eb ameriko-evropiane. Por trash\u00ebgimia e err\u00ebt filozofike kontribuoi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb drejtim – kjo s’ka si mohohet. Autorja Callard mund ta hesht\u00eb faktin n\u00eb artikujt e “New York Times”, n\u00eb librat e vet e kudo, por s’ka si mohohet se dhe vet\u00eb heshtja “flet” tashm\u00eb. Q\u00ebkur argumentet e “natyrshme” t\u00eb Aristotelit qen\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur si justifikim i vet\u00eb elitar\u00ebve t\u00eb intelektualizmit dhe t\u00eb politikave.<\/p>\n

Koha e Arstotelit ishte koh\u00eb e skllav\u00ebris\u00eb, se shum\u00eb filozof\u00eb t\u00eb lasht\u00eb zot\u00ebronin skllev\u00ebr ky detaj ndoshta s’i duket askujt “impresiv”. Por Aristoteli \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebri nga autor\u00ebt e pakt\u00eb q\u00eb u p\u00ebrpoq t\u00eb jepte nj\u00eb justifikim sistematik p\u00ebr skllav\u00ebrimin e njer\u00ebzve. Aspekti m\u00eb i “neveritsh\u00ebm” i filozofis\u00eb aristoteliane \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht fakti q\u00eb ai ishte nj\u00eb nga mbrojt\u00ebsit m\u00eb t\u00eb zjarrt\u00eb t\u00eb skllav\u00ebris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Heshtja rreth “pikave” relevante, vajtja rrotull p\u00ebr ta mbrojtur Aristotelin (n\u00ebse nevoja duke e shpallur dhe “alien”), sikur m\u00eb shtyn t\u00eb mendoj (si\u00e7 dhe shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb para meje) “\u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme q\u00eb kritik\u00ebt e Aristotelit duket se gjithmon\u00eb e sulmojn\u00eb at\u00eb p\u00ebr gjoja frenimin e shkenc\u00ebs gjat\u00eb 2000 vjet\u00ebve – nj\u00eb faj totalisht abstrakt – n\u00eb vend q\u00eb ta sulmonin p\u00ebr pik\u00ebpamjet serioze rreth skllav\u00ebris\u00eb – di\u00e7 q\u00eb Aristoteli e pati “menderosur” konkretisht dhe realisht.<\/p>\n

| – – – vijon – – –<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – AP, N 2022 “\u00cbsht\u00eb e dobishme t\u00eb kthehemi tek st\u00ebrgjyshi i gjith\u00eb teoricien\u00ebve racor: Aristoteli. P\u00ebr ta kuptuar rolin e Aristotelit n\u00eb hedhjen e bazave p\u00ebr “shkenc\u00ebn e rac\u00ebs”, duhet ta kuptojm\u00eb sa i rr\u00ebnjosur \u00ebsht\u00eb ai… Lexo →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-komente"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12004"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12004\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12004"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12004"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}