{"id":1830,"date":"2019-09-30T11:34:56","date_gmt":"2019-09-30T11:34:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.letrat.eu\/?p=1830"},"modified":"2024-04-22T12:36:49","modified_gmt":"2024-04-22T11:36:49","slug":"kalendari-republikan-sekularizmi-simpatik-i-revolucionareve-franceze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=1830","title":{"rendered":"Kalendari Republikan – Sekularizmi simpatik i revolucionar\u00ebve francez\u00eb!"},"content":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – Ars Poetica, J 2016<\/em><\/p>\n

(…n\u00eb sovjetik\u00ebn leniniste akoma ndjehej rezistenca e futurist\u00ebve, dhe s’mund t\u00eb flitej p\u00ebr dominanc\u00eb t\u00eb soc-realist\u00ebve. Por q\u00eb nga fillimi i er\u00ebs staliniste kushtet p\u00ebr “p\u00ebrqafimin e soc-realizmit” filluan t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb duksh\u00ebm. N\u00eb fakt pothuaj t\u00eb gjith\u00eb e pat\u00ebn “p\u00ebrqafuar”, me t\u00eb dyja faqet, qoft\u00eb me dashje qoft\u00eb me detyrim. Arti i realizmit socialist ve\u00e7 i kishte t\u00eb gjitha karakteristikat e veta, vet\u00ebm se ende nuk e kishte nj\u00eb “em\u00ebr” adekuat. N\u00eb vitin 1933, Maksim Gorki sikur “papritmas” e publikoi nj\u00eb artikull me titullin “realizmi socialist”. Dhe ky titull i ardhur nga nj\u00eb ithtar i frym\u00ebs s\u00eb soc-realizmit letrar, sikur do t’ishte vula e kuqe e asaj q\u00eb ve\u00e7 dihej tashm\u00eb<\/strong>…)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\nLouis Lafitte (1770-1828) – Alegori t\u00eb Vend\u00e9miaire, Brumaire, Frimaire, Niv\u00f4se, Pluvi\u00f4se, Ventose, Germinal, Floreal, Prairial, Messidor, Thermidor, Fructidor, ~1794<\/p>\n

Neve q\u00eb “zbresim” ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr bodrumet e historis\u00eb, pakashum\u00eb na \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur “Kalendari i Revolucionar\u00ebve”, patjet\u00ebr q\u00eb kemi d\u00ebgjuar apo lexuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb. Nga fundi i 1793 deri n\u00eb v. 1805, n\u00eb Franc\u00eb qe p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb kalendar i ndryshuar totalisht nga kalendari tradicional “gregorian”. Ky kalendar krejt ndryshe, ardhur si ide dhe krijuar gjat\u00eb Revolucionit Francez, u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr 12 vjet me radh\u00eb. M\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb v. 1871, qe p\u00ebrdorur po ashtu p\u00ebr 18 dit\u00eb nga Komunar\u00ebt e Parisit. Dymb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb muajt e vitit u quajten duke u bazuar n\u00eb natyr\u00ebn, nd\u00ebrsa secila dit\u00eb qe em\u00ebruar sipas emrit t\u00eb nj\u00eb luleje, peme, fruti, kafshe, vegle apo mjeti, duke i z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar emrat e shenjtor\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb dit\u00ebve festive t\u00eb krishtera.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar ardhjen e nj\u00eb epoke t\u00eb re t\u00eb liris\u00eb, revolucionar\u00ebt francez\u00eb i ndryshuan dhe i z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuan mjaft gj\u00ebra. Ata besonin se nuk e kishin rr\u00ebzuar vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb sistem shtyp\u00ebs, nj\u00eb sistem qeveritar tiranik, por dhe se kishin krijuar nj\u00eb rend t\u00eb ri shoq\u00ebror, shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrparuar, t\u00eb riformuar, t\u00eb ndryshuar me themel e me qiell, rend i bazuar n\u00eb lirit\u00eb fondamentale t\u00eb njeriut dhe n\u00eb barazin\u00eb e mir\u00ebfillt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk qen\u00eb kufizuar vet\u00ebm n\u00eb reformash legjislative e shtet\u00ebrore, as vet\u00ebm n\u00eb riorganizimin e ndarjeve regjionale t\u00eb pushtetit. Ndon\u00ebse disa gj\u00ebra ishin dhe thjesht vog\u00eblsira prej ndryshimesh. Si psh. braktisja e termave “Monsieur”, respektivisht p\u00ebr ta z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar me “Citoyen”, si dhe “Madame” me “Citoyenne”. Neve tani si lexues t\u00eb historis\u00eb mbase na dalin si cik\u00ebrrimash formale, ngjash\u00ebm me ato detajet e vogla “zot\u00ebriu – shoku” t\u00eb komunist\u00ebve t\u00eb m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm, rreth dy shekuj m\u00eb pas.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vizionin e revolucionar\u00ebve, pakashum\u00eb, n\u00ebnkuptohej lidhja e t\u00eb gjitha institucioneve dhe zakoneve t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb franceze me “zinxhirin” e ndryshimeve t\u00eb reja q\u00eb duhej t\u00eb ndodhnin, n\u00eb frym\u00ebn e idealeve republikane. Andaj s’ishte e paarsyeshme nevoja p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kalendar fringo t\u00eb ri.
\nGjithashtu e kuptueshme \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb viti i shpalljes s\u00eb Republik\u00ebs, viti 1792 p\u00ebr revolucionar\u00ebt do t’kthehej zyrtarisht n\u00eb Viti Zero (0). At\u00ebbot\u00eb qen\u00eb rrokullisur mjaft kokash nga binat e gijotinat, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ata dhe mund t’ken\u00eb persiatur: viti kur fillon gjith\u00e7ka, p\u00ebrtej kufirit t\u00eb 1792 \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e historis\u00eb padyshim do t’cil\u00ebsohen “Para Er\u00ebs Son\u00eb”, nd\u00ebrsa k\u00ebndej e tutje gjith\u00e7ka do t’njihet me vulen kohore “Era Jon\u00eb…”.<\/p>\n

***
\nN\u00eb Tetor t\u00eb 1793 qeveria e re e Republik\u00ebs Franceze e aprovoi p\u00ebrdorimin e kalendarit republikan, t\u00eb “kalendarit revolucionar” (calendrier r\u00e9volutionnaire). Viti kalendarik niste dit\u00ebn kur ndodhte ekuinoksi vjeshtor n\u00eb Paris. Dymb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb muajt tani i kishin nga 30 dit\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat dit\u00eb u em\u00ebrtuan n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb rrethanave t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs, kryesisht t\u00eb lidhura me kushtet atmosferike… mbizot\u00ebruese n\u00eb Paris, si dhe rreth-e-rrotull tij.
\nMuajt e rinj t\u00eb kalendarit qen\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb nga tri jav\u00eb 10-ditore, t\u00eb quajtura dekada (d\u00e9cades). \u00c7do dit\u00eb e kishte emrin e nj\u00eb bime bujq\u00ebsore, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 dit\u00ebs s\u00eb 5-t\u00eb (Quintidi) e cila e kishte emrin e nj\u00eb kafshe sht\u00ebpiake, dhe dit\u00ebs 10 (Decadi) e cila e kishte emrin e nj\u00eb mjeti bujq\u00ebsor.<\/p>\n

Kishte nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim me muajin e dimrit Niv\u00f4se (Dhjetor). Ndryshe nga muajt e tjer\u00eb, dit\u00ebt e Niv\u00f4se nuk qen\u00eb em\u00ebrtuar sipas ndonj\u00eb bime bujq\u00ebsore, por sipas ndonj\u00eb kafshe apo substance mineralesh bujq\u00ebsore. P\u00ebr arsyen se n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb toka \u00ebsht\u00eb e fjetur dhe nuk ka bim\u00eb bujq\u00ebsore p\u00ebr t\u00eb karakterizuar k\u00ebt\u00eb muaj.<\/p>\n

Dit\u00ebt e dekadave, ose t\u00eb jav\u00ebve 10-dit\u00ebshe, quheshin si vijon:
\nprimidi (dita e par\u00eb), duodi (e dyta), tridi (e treta), quartidi (e kat\u00ebrta), quintidi (e pesta), sextidi (e gjashta), septidi (e shtata), octidi (e teta), nonidi (e n\u00ebnta), d\u00e9cadi (e dhjeta).<\/p>\n

Sezonalja kalendarike “revolucionare” ishte si vijon (shih dhe foton e bashk\u00ebngjitur):
\nBukuroshet Vend\u00e9miaire, Brumaire dhe Frimaire ishin alegori jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb bukura dhe i takonin Vjesht\u00ebs.
\n– Vend\u00e9miaire (nga “vendange” e fr\u00ebngjishtes, derivacion nga “vindemia” – lat, “vjelja e rrushit”), fillonte m\u00eb 22, 23, ose 24 Shtator
\n– Brumaire (nga “brume” e fr\u00ebngjishtes, “mjegull”), fillonte m\u00eb 22, 23, ose 24 Tetor
\n– Frimaire (nga “frimas” e fr\u00ebngjishtes, “ngric\u00eb; acar”), fillonte m\u00eb 21, 21, ose 23 N\u00ebntor<\/p>\n

Bukuroshet Niv\u00f4se, Pluvi\u00f4se dhe Vent\u00f4se ishin alegori po ashtu fort t\u00eb bukura, dhe i takonin Dimrit.
\n– Niv\u00f4se (nga “nivosus” e latinishtes, “me reshje bore”), fillonte m\u00eb 21, 22, ose 23 Dhjetor
\n– Pluvi\u00f4se (nga “pluvieux” e fr\u00ebngjishtes, derivacion nga “pluvius” – lat, “me reshje shiu”), fillonte m\u00eb 20, 21, ose 22 Janar
\n– Vent\u00f4se (nga “venteux” e fr\u00ebngjishtes, derivacion nga “ventosus” – lat, “me stuhi”), fillonte m\u00eb 19, 20, ose 21 Shkurt<\/p>\n

Edhe bukuroshet Germinal, Flor\u00e9al dhe Prairial ishin alegori po aq t\u00eb bukura, dhe i takonin Pranver\u00ebs.
\n– Germinal (nga “germination” e fr\u00ebngjishtes), fillonte m\u00eb 20 ose 21 Mars
\n– Flor\u00e9al (nga “fleur” e fr\u00ebngjishtes, derivacion nga “flos” – lat, “lule”), fillonte m\u00eb 20 ose 21 Prill
\n– Prairial (nga “prairie” e fr\u00ebngjishtes, “l\u00ebndin\u00eb, luadh”), fillonte m\u00eb 20 ose 21 Maj<\/p>\n

As bukuroshet Messidor, Thermidor dhe Fructidor si alegori t\u00eb bukuris\u00eb nuk ngeleshin m\u00eb mbrapa, dhe i takonin Ver\u00ebs.
\n– Messidor (nga “messis” e latinishtes, “t\u00eb korra”), fillonte m\u00eb 19 ose 20 Qershor
\n– Thermidor (nga “thermon” e greqishtes, “vap\u00eb, nxeht\u00ebsi”), fillonte m\u00eb 19 ose 20 Korrik
\n– Fructidor (nga “fructus” e latinishtes, “frut”), fillonte m\u00eb 18 ose 19 Gusht<\/p>\n

***
\nKalendari i “revolucionar\u00ebve” u braktis nga Napoleoni n\u00eb v. 1806. Si p\u00ebr ironi historia nuk e shp\u00ebrfilli “trash\u00ebgimin\u00eb artistike” t\u00eb kalendarit, por as nuk e “p\u00ebrkrahu” p\u00ebrdorimin e tij. Natyrisht, s’ka si mohohet niveli i lart\u00eb artistik i “Kalendarit Revolucionar”. Vet\u00eb s’jam \u00e7uditur kurr\u00eb nga artistikja e kalendarit, por sakaq m\u00eb shkoi mendja: n\u00ebse ta krahasonim me artin e “revolucionar\u00ebve komunist\u00eb” t\u00eb m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm, kam p\u00ebrshtypjen q\u00eb revolucionar\u00ebt e Franc\u00ebs s\u00eb at\u00ebhershme na paskeshin qen\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb p\u00ebrpara. Sikur n\u00eb rrafshin kreativ-artistik, ata shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuar p\u00ebr nga shijet. Vall\u00eb si \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur nj\u00eb “kthim” totalisht mbrapa (vajtur dy shekuj m\u00eb tutje n\u00eb futuriz\u00ebm, e megjithat\u00eb degradim), si \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsim aq evident, nj\u00eb “degradim” aq i madh artistik?!<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr nj\u00eb moment, sikur kalendari q\u00ebllimisht e merrte rolin e nj\u00eb “d\u00ebshmie” historike, sikur p\u00ebr inat donte t\u00eb thoshte: mos u \u00e7udit aspak, arti i k\u00ebtyre dy pal\u00ebve revolucionar\u00ebsh (q\u00eb tani t’u mbush mendja t’i krahasosh) ka shum\u00eb dallim. Pa\u00e7ka se nd\u00ebrmjet “koh\u00ebve” ka afro dy shekuj distanc\u00eb kohore, e qart\u00eb q\u00eb klasikja revolucionare e dikurshme sikur tallet edhe sot e k\u00ebsaj dite me modernen soc-realiste artistike. Sikur e vjetra na del m\u00eb e avancuar sesa m\u00eb e reja, sikur m\u00eb tep\u00ebr avangardist na del klasicizmi i shekullit XVIII sesa avangarda artistike e komunist\u00ebve… dy shekuj m\u00eb von\u00eb!<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 e dim\u00eb, k\u00ebta t\u00eb fundit qen\u00eb “ngulfatur” si tep\u00ebr nga soc-realizmi artistik. Shikuar nga perspektiva e sotme (me nj\u00eb doz\u00eb ironie historike : ) vetvetiu sikur \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e \u00e7uditshme kjo “ngulfatje artistike”, \u00e7udia s’mund t\u00eb mohohet. Athua vall\u00eb e di kush nga historian\u00ebt me sakt\u00ebsi arsyen e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb “ngulfatjes soc-realiste”? Derisa “baladat e komunar\u00ebve” t\u00eb dikursh\u00ebm, n\u00ebse paralelizohen, ato dhe p\u00ebrputhen mjaft me baladat letrare komuniste t\u00eb shekullit XX, prap\u00ebseprap\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t’u habitur me ndryshimet rreth shijeve artistike t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre dy pal\u00ebve revolucionar\u00ebsh.
\nK\u00ebt\u00eb dallim, s\u00eb paku p\u00ebr ta hedhur n\u00eb pah sadopak “shijen artistike” t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr, do provoj dhe ta dokumentoj m\u00eb posht\u00eb me ilustrimet e mrekullueshme t\u00eb piktorit francez Lafitte. Nuk duhet l\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00ebnjan\u00eb as dhe artistiken gjuh\u00ebsore dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb “kalendarit revolucionar”.<\/p>\n

***
\nTermi \u201crealiz\u00ebm socialist\u201d qe kalitur n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit XX. Dmth. shum\u00eb dekada m\u00eb her\u00ebt\u2026 p\u00ebrpara se t\u00eb piqeshin kushtet p\u00ebr \u201clul\u00ebzim\u201d n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb e s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs (dmth. si \u201cfenomen\u201d i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm artistik). N\u00eb sovjetik\u00ebn leniniste akoma ndjehej rezistenca e futurist\u00ebve, dhe s\u2019mund t\u00eb flitej p\u00ebr dominanc\u00eb t\u00eb soc-realist\u00ebve. <\/p>\n

Por q\u00eb nga fillimi i er\u00ebs staliniste kushtet p\u00ebr \u201cp\u00ebrqafimin e soc-realizmit\u201d filluan t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb duksh\u00ebm. N\u00eb fakt pothuaj t\u00eb gjith\u00eb e pat\u00ebn \u201cp\u00ebrqafuar\u201d, me t\u00eb dyja faqet, qoft\u00eb me dashje qoft\u00eb me detyrim. Arti i realizmit socialist ve\u00e7 i kishte t\u00eb gjitha karakteristikat e veta, vet\u00ebm se ende nuk e kishte nj\u00eb \u201cem\u00ebr\u201d adekuat. N\u00eb vitin 1933, Maksim Gorki sikur \u201cpapritmas\u201d e publikoi nj\u00eb artikull me titullin \u201crealizmi socialist\u201d. Dhe ky titull i ardhur nga nj\u00eb ithtar i frym\u00ebs s\u00eb soc-realizmit letrar, sikur do t\u2019ishte vula e kuqe e asaj q\u00eb ve\u00e7 dihej tashm\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Vet\u00ebm pak koh\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb, madje me buj\u00ebn sovjetike \u201ckongresionale\u201d, qen\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar udh\u00ebzimet se si duhej t\u00eb ishin veprat artistike t\u00eb \u201crealizmit socialist\u201d. Qe p\u00ebrcaktuar \u201crelevanca\u201d (proletare), \u201ce zakonshmja\u201d (tipikja subjektive), \u201crealistikja\u201d (prezantuese), \u201cpartizanizmi\u201d (partiak).
\nKuptohet, duhej t\u00eb promovoheshin pro-sovjetizmi, idealet sovjetike, por \u201cpartia\u201d ishte boshti qendror, ishte fryma e gjith\u00e7kaje, fryma e nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsie t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme dhe gjithmon\u00eb duhej paraqitur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb sa m\u00eb t\u00eb favorshme.<\/p>\n

Sipas A. Ellis, k\u00ebto koncepte kryesore q\u00eb u zhvilluan e siguruan devotshm\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe besnik\u00ebrin\u00eb p\u00ebr partin\u00eb; siguruan dhe garantuan \u201cpartiinost\u201d\u201d (pik\u00ebpamjen, bot\u00ebkuptimin partiak), \u201cideinost\u201d (p\u00ebrmbajtjen ideore, ose ideologjike), \u201cklassovost\u201d (p\u00ebrmbajtjen e lidhur ngusht me klas\u00ebn pun\u00ebtore), \u201cpravdivost\u201d (v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsin\u00eb, justifikim \u201chistorik\u201d).<\/p>\n

Ellis shkruan se kishte nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb mbizot\u00ebruese t\u00eb optimizmit, funksioni i realizmit socialist ishte paraqitja e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb ideale sovjetike. Jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb duhej t\u00eb glorifikohej e tashmja, por dhe e ardhmja duhej t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhej sa m\u00eb bukur dhe k\u00ebndsh\u00ebm. Sepse e tashmja dhe e ardhmja duhej idealizuar vazhdimisht.<\/p>\n

Realizmi socialist e impononte nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb optimizmi t\u00eb detyruar, tragjedia dhe negativiteti n\u00eb art nuk lejoheshin, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 n\u00ebse t\u00eb paraqiteshin n\u00eb koh\u00eb apo n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend tjet\u00ebr. Ky sentiment krijoi at\u00eb q\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb do t\u00eb quhej \u201cromantizmi revolucionar\u201d, i cili e ngriste n\u00eb qiell pun\u00ebtorin e thjesht\u00eb, qoft\u00eb t\u00eb fabrik\u00ebs qoft\u00eb t\u00eb bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb, duke i paraqitur jet\u00ebn e tij, pun\u00ebn dhe rekreacionin si t\u00eb admirueshme. [ (Ellis, A. \u2013 Socialist Realisms: Soviet Painting 1920\u20131970, 2012) ]<\/p>\n

***
\nPikturat:
\nLouis Lafitte (1770-1828) – Alegori t\u00eb Vend\u00e9miaire, Brumaire, Frimaire, Niv\u00f4se, Pluvi\u00f4se, Ventose, Germinal, Floreal, Prairial, Messidor, Thermidor, Fructidor<\/strong>, ~1794 (National Library & Bureau of Measures, France)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – Ars Poetica, J 2016 (…n\u00eb sovjetik\u00ebn leniniste akoma ndjehej rezistenca e futurist\u00ebve, dhe s’mund t\u00eb flitej p\u00ebr dominanc\u00eb t\u00eb soc-realist\u00ebve. Por q\u00eb nga fillimi i er\u00ebs staliniste kushtet p\u00ebr “p\u00ebrqafimin e soc-realizmit” filluan t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb duksh\u00ebm. N\u00eb… Lexo →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-classic","category-komente"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1830"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1830\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}