{"id":19641,"date":"2025-12-20T16:12:35","date_gmt":"2025-12-20T15:12:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=19641"},"modified":"2026-04-08T01:30:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T00:30:06","slug":"science-2025-breakthrough-of-the-year","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=19641","title":{"rendered":"Science 2025 – Breakthrough of the Year"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00ebrparimi “11” i Vitit 2025 – Trump si “Faqe-zezan” i Shkenc\u00ebs Amerikane<\/strong><\/p>\n

…vet\u00eb “shkenca” konkludon se Trump pandal\u00eb e ka shtuar nga “nj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb zez\u00eb” n\u00eb librin e arritjeve t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs amerikane, tashm\u00eb as vet\u00eb historia s’ka si e “mohon” faktin q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb “zezat” e prapangeljes shkencore amerikane i takojn\u00eb Trumpidentit<\/strong> : )<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
\n(foto: national geographic)<\/em><\/p>\n

…e besueshme apo jo, por si ironi “Science” e ka shpallur “p\u00ebrzierjen e administrat\u00ebs Trump” n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet financiare t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs amerikane si “P\u00ebrparim i Vitit 2025”, nga 12 t\u00eb ashtuquajturat “Breakthrough of the Year”, e para ka t’b\u00ebj\u00eb me arritjet e Kin\u00ebs (Num\u00ebr 1, globalisht, sa u p\u00ebrket tekno-shkencave dhe arritjeve n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e “green energy”), sidoqoft\u00eb 11 prej tyre v\u00ebrtet kan\u00eb t’b\u00ebjn\u00eb me arritjet e tekno-shkencave gjat\u00eb 2025, mir\u00ebpo 1-ra e mban titullin “Trump Roils U.S. Science” (Breakthrough 11)…<\/p>\n

…v\u00ebrtet ironike dhe e dhimbshme, vet\u00eb rrafshnalta shkencore e 50 shteteve s\u00eb bashku e akuzon Presidentin e 50 shteteve federale p\u00ebr “d\u00ebmtim” t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs m\u00eb shum\u00eb se gjith\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr… sipas “Science” Trump q\u00eb nga java e par\u00eb e inaugurimit si President prore e p\u00ebrher\u00eb, pandal\u00eb e ka shtuar nga “nj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb zez\u00eb” n\u00eb librin e arritjeve t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs amerikane, duke i shkat\u00ebrruar normat e dekadave t\u00eb vjetra, t\u00eb cilat norma dhe standarde ndihmuan q\u00eb ShBA t\u00eb b\u00ebhej di\u00e7 si “superfuqi shkencore” e mbar\u00eb globit. Tashm\u00eb as vet\u00eb historia s’ka si e “mohon” faktin q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb “zezat” e prapangeljes shkencore amerikane i takojn\u00eb Trumpidentit : )<\/p>\n

…nuk \u00e7uditemi n\u00ebse fjalet tona ting\u00ebllojn\u00eb t\u00eb “pabesueshme”, por ne flasim me fakte, nuk hyjm\u00eb n\u00eb “hak” t\u00eb askujt, e sidomos jo n\u00eb “hak t\u00eb Trumpidentit”, fjala e pionierit, dmth. m\u00eb e sinqerta, kurr\u00eb… p\u00ebr asnj\u00eb kurrnj\u00ebher\u00eb, madje s’jan\u00eb as “fjal\u00ebt” tona (n\u00eb komentin m\u00eb lart), jan\u00eb interpretim shakalogjik i fakteve t\u00eb “Science” – ja m\u00eb posht\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha faktet e arritjeve kulmore gjat\u00eb 2025…<\/p>\n

(s. guraziu – ars poetica, 12-25)<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>* Science<\/strong> is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and one of the world’s top academic journals. It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is over 400,000 people.<\/span><\/p>\n

 
\nScience - Breakthrough 2025 - 11<\/strong><\/span>

Trump Roils U.S. Science<\/strong>
\nScience's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>\n

President Donald Trump began to rewrite the playbook on how the U.S. government interacts with the research community within minutes of taking office on 20 January. Seemingly every week since then he has added a page, shattering decades-old norms that helped make the United States a scientific superpower.<\/p>\n

The now-defunct Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by billionaire Elon Musk, played a prominent role in the first few months. It forced the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) to cancel thousands of existing projects, in particular those deemed to involve diversity, equity, and inclusion; climate change; or gender identity and sexual orientation.<\/p>\n

Trump also used DOGE to spearhead another prong of the attack: shrinking the size of the federal workforce. Thousands of employees at science agencies were laid off, accepted buyout offers, quit, or retired sooner than planned, resulting in a significant loss of scientific experience. Many of those who remained are managing narrower portfolios after their agency pulled the plug on scores of programs the White House decided - suddenly, and without explanation - were \"no longer aligned with the administration's priorities.\" NSF and the Department of Energy's Office of Science have gone even further, revamping units to correspond more closely to those priorities.<\/p>\n

Several of Trump's choices to lead federal science agencies have triggered fierce opposition. Foremost among them is Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a lawyer and longtime antivaccine activist. Kennedy has decimated senior management at NIH, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, along with a vast network of advisory committees. The new heads of those agencies share some of Kennedy's contrarian views on public health and have altered many existing policies. NIH, for example, added criteria that could politicize its choices about what grant applications to fund.<\/p>\n

Claiming to find evidence of antisemitism, the Trump administration froze all federal grants to a handful of top-tier colleges and universities and threatened similar action at scores more. Some agreed to pay sizable settlements and allow greater federal oversight in return for lifting those freezes, while negotiations continue with other schools, notably Harvard University and the University of California, Los Angeles.<\/p>\n

An aggressive campaign to detain and deport people alleged to lack valid immigration status has made graduate students on valid visas fearful that they may be detained after traveling abroad, and led to fewer new international students at most U.S. colleges and universities. In response, many institutions have reduced the size of their doctoral programs in science and engineering.<\/p>\n

Research advocates have fought many Trump directives in court, with mixed success. Arguably the community's biggest win to date was blocking attempts by four science agencies to slash payments to universities for so-called indirect costs - money spent on infrastructure and overhead that supports federally funded research. Another silver lining in this gloomy year was that both NSF and NIH managed to spend all the money Congress had given them this year despite the many disruptions to their grantmaking. And Congress appears likely to resist Trump's request for sharp cuts in the 2026 budgets of most science agencies. Equally important, most of this year's onslaught has been carried out not through permanent legislation, but through temporary executive orders that Trump's successor could rescind.<\/p>\n

By Jeffrey Mervis
\nProtesters holding signs with the messages \"Knowlege > Ignorance\", \"Science Saves Lives\", and \"Restore Research Funding\".
\n[ https:\/\/www.science.org\/do\/10.1126\/science.z57oqnf\/full\/boty2025-breakdown-trump.jpg ]
\nProtesters gathered at a Stand Up for Science rally in San Francisco in March.Gabrielle Lurie\/San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images<\/em><\/p>\n<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 1<\/strong><\/span>

The \"Green\" Giant (China)<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

Images of China's clean energy infrastructure reveal a transformation of unmatched scale and speed
China's turn to green energy dwarfs any other country's, as a parade of astonishing numbers attests. In 2024 alone it installed new solar and wind generation equivalent to roughly 100 nuclear power plants, and the pace quickened early this year. Dozens of new, ultrahigh-voltage power lines are marching thousands of kilometers from western<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 2<\/strong><\/span>

Neurons Make a Deadly Donation to Cancer Cells <\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

Tumors beguile an assortment of body cells into helping them grow and spread, including neurons. This year, researchers discovered how nerve cells provide this assistance: by passing on mitochondria, the organelles that supply most of cells' chemical fuel. The result is supercharged cancer cells that more readily spread to other parts of the body, suggesting that blocking the transfers might slow metastasis.<\/p>

Scientists<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 3<\/strong><\/span>

Custom Gene Editing Shows Promise for Ultrarare Diseases<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

This year, a baby boy with a life-threatening metabolic condition became the world's first patient to receive a personalized gene-editing treatment. The feat could pave the way for gene editors tailored to people with unique or ultrarare mutations.<\/p>

KJ Muldoon was born last year in Philadelphia with defects in a gene called CSP1 that encodes an enzyme the liver needs to detoxify ammonia. To<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 4<\/strong><\/span>

New Weapons Against a Sexual Scourge<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

Two new drugs for gonorrhea showed their mettle in large clinical trials this year, and both were approved this month by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The first new weapons against the sexually transmitted disease in decades, they come at a time when existing treatments are failing.<\/p>

Gonorrhea, which affects more than 80 million people annually, not only causes pain, genital discharge, and bleeding, but<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 5<\/strong><\/span>

An All-seeing Eye on the Sky<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

A new type of telescope designed to accelerate a new sort of astronomy was completed this year on a mountaintop in Chile. Instead of zooming in on objects of interest, as most other telescopes do, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will relentlessly sweep across the heavens. Starting early next year, it will record the whole sky in unprecedented detail every 3 days, for 10 years. The<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 6<\/strong><\/span>

Face to Face with a Denisovan<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

This year researchers finally put a face to one of our long-lost relatives - confirming with DNA evidence that a 146,000-year-old skull known as the \"Dragon Man\" belonged to a Denisovan, an extinct lineage of humans that, like the Neanderthals, once shared the planet with modern humans.<\/p>

In 2010, geneticists announced they had discovered a new hominin, closely related to Neanderthals and modern humans, based on<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 7<\/strong><\/span>

Large Language Models do Science<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

When Google DeepMind unveiled its protein-structure predictor AlphaFold2 in 2020, it upended expectations for what artificial intelligence (AI) could accomplish in science. Fittingly, it was named Science's 2021 Breakthrough of the Year - and won a share of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for its creators. Few imagined that general-purpose large language models (LLMs), trained on trillions of words and optimized simply to regurgitate humanlike text,<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 8<\/strong><\/span>

Triumph of Calculation Helps Resolve Particle Mystery<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

For decades, particle physicists have longed for something - anything - their prevailing theory, the standard model, cannot explain. In June, perhaps the most tantalizing sign of a new mystery vanished when a long-running experiment reported that, contrary to its earlier claims, a particle called the muon was not more magnetic than the standard model predicts. Behind the disappointment lurks a triumph: Theorists were finally<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 9<\/strong><\/span>

Xenotransplants Set New Records<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

For the past century, hype and sometimes dubious science have marred attempts to heal humans with transplanted animal organs. But \"xenotransplantation\", a potential solution to the dire shortage of donated human organs, took impressive steps forward this year thanks to pigs genetically engineered to make their tissues safer for transplants and less likely to suffer rejection from human immune systems.<\/p>

Most notably, a pig kidney with 69 altered<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 10<\/strong><\/span>

Rice that Beats the Heat<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

Crops can tolerate the scorching sunshine of a heat wave if they have enough water, but sweltering nights can spell particularly serious trouble, ramping up respiration, a metabolic process that normally holds steady in the dark. This year, researchers in China discovered a gene that helps protect rice from two impacts of heat: lower yield and poor-quality grain. If bred or engineered into commercial varieties, the gene<\/p>

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Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 11<\/strong><\/span>

Trump Roils U.S. Science<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

President Donald Trump began to rewrite the playbook on how the U.S. government interacts with the research community within minutes of taking office on 20 January. Seemingly every week since then he has added a page, shattering decades-old norms that helped make the United States a scientific superpower.<\/p>

The now-defunct Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by billionaire Elon Musk, played a prominent role in the first few<\/p>

|\u2794|<\/a><\/div><\/span><\/td>\n
Science - Breakthrough 2025 - 12<\/strong><\/span>

Global Health in Crisis<\/strong>
Science's 2025 - Breakthrough of the Year<\/em><\/p>

A woman sitting on a hospital bed covers her face with the end of her headscarf. Next to her on the bed, a small child lies with one hand at its face and one arm outstretched on the bed. A hand is reaching in from the side of the frame to touch the woman's shoulder as though in comfort.<\/p>

For decades, aid for global health had solid support<\/p>

|\u2794|<\/a><\/div><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

  Sky Division, Science 2025<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u00ebrparimi “11” i Vitit 2025 – Trump si “Faqe-zezan” i Shkenc\u00ebs Amerikane …vet\u00eb “shkenca” konkludon se Trump pandal\u00eb e ka shtuar nga “nj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb zez\u00eb” n\u00eb librin e arritjeve t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs amerikane, tashm\u00eb as vet\u00eb historia s’ka si e… Lexo →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19641","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-media-extracted"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19641"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19641\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}