{"id":20747,"date":"2026-06-30T18:13:27","date_gmt":"2026-06-30T17:13:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=20747"},"modified":"2026-06-30T18:13:27","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T17:13:27","slug":"all-nobel-prizes-1901-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=20747","title":{"rendered":"All Nobel Prizes, 1901-2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Between 1901 and 2025, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 633 times to 1,026 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 990 individuals and 28 organisations. <\/p>\n<p>***<br \/>\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 119 times to 230 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025. John Bardeen is the only laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. This means that a total of 229 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Physics.<\/p>\n<p>The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 117 times to 200 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025. Frederick Sanger and Barry Sharpless have both been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice. This means that a total of 198 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. <\/p>\n<p>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 116 times to 232 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025. <\/p>\n<p>The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 118 times to 122 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025.<\/p>\n<p>The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 106 times to 143 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025, 112 individuals and 31 organisations. Since the International Committee of the Red Cross has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize three times (in 1917, 1944 and 1963), and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize two times (in 1954 and 1981), there are 28 individual organisations which have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.<\/p>\n<p>The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel has been awarded 57 times to 99 laureates between 1969 and 2025. <\/p>\n<p><!- - - STARTS THE MAIN TABLE - - -><\/p>\n<p><script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.datatables.net\/2.3.8\/js\/dataTables.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table class=\"soft\" id=\"nobels\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Year<\/th>\n<th>Category<\/th>\n<th>Winner(s)<\/th>\n<th>Citation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>2025<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2025<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson and Omar M. Yaghi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of metal\u2013organic frameworks&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2025<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2025<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Krasznahorkai<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2025<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Maria Corina Machado<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2025<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Joel Mokyr<br \/>Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2024<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2024<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>David Baker<br \/>Demis Hassabis and John Jumper<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for computational protein design&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for protein structure prediction&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2024<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2024<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Han Kang<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2024<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Nihon Hidankyo<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2024<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2023<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L&#8217;Huillier<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2023<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus and Aleksey Yekimov<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2023<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Katalin Karik\u00f3 and Drew Weissman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2023<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Jon Fosse<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2023<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Narges Mohammadi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2023<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Claudia Goldin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having advanced our understanding of women&#8217;s labour market outcomes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Svante P\u00e4\u00e4bo<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Annie Ernaux<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Ales Bialiatski, Memorial and Center for Civil Liberties<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for research on banks and financial crises&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann<br \/>Giorgio Parisi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the physical modelling of Earth&#8217;s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Abdulrazak Gurnah<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>David Card<br \/>Joshua D. Angrist and Guido W. Imbens<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his empirical contributions to labour economics&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Roger Penrose<br \/>Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of a method for genome editing&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Louise Gl\u00fcck<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>World Food Programme (WFP)<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>James Peebles<br \/>Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of lithium-ion batteries&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Peter Handke<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Abiy Ahmed Ali<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Arthur Ashkin<br \/>G\u00e9rard Mourou and Donna Strickland<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Frances H. Arnold<br \/>George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the directed evolution of enzymes&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the phage display of peptides and antibodies&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Olga Tokarczuk<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>William D. Nordhaus<br \/>Paul M. Romer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish and Kip S. Thorne<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Kazuo Ishiguro<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2017<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Richard H. Thaler<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to behavioural economics&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the design and synthesis of molecular machines&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Yoshinori Ohsumi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Bob Dylan<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Juan Manuel Santos<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his resolute efforts to bring the country&#8217;s more than 50-year-long civil war to an end&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmstr\u00f6m<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their contributions to contract theory&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for mechanistic studies of DNA repair&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>William C. Campbell and Satoshi \u014cmura<br \/>Tu Youyou<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Svetlana Alexievich<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>National Dialogue Quartet<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Angus Deaton<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>John O&#8217;Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Patrick Modiano<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Jean Tirole<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his analysis of market power and regulation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Fran\u00e7ois Englert and Peter W. Higgs<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN&#8217;s Large Hadron Collider&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Alice Munro<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;master of the contemporary short story&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Eugene F. Fama, Lars Peter Hansen and Robert J. Shiller<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their empirical analysis of asset prices&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2012<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2012<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2012<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2012<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Mo Yan<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2012<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>European Union (EU)<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2012<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Dan Shechtman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of quasicrystals&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann<br \/>Ralph M. Steinman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Tomas Transtr\u00f6mer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women&#8217;s rights to full participation in peace-building work&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Robert G. Edwards<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of in vitro fertilization&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Mario Vargas Llosa<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual&#8217;s resistance, revolt, and defeat&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Liu Xiaobo<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their analysis of markets with search frictions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2009<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Charles Kuen Kao<br \/>Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit \u2013 the CCD sensor&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2009<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2009<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2009<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Herta M\u00fcller<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2009<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Barack H. Obama<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2009<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Elinor Ostrom<br \/>Oliver E. Williamson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Yoichiro Nambu<br \/>Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Harald zur Hausen<br \/>Fran\u00e7oise Barr\u00e9-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Jean-Marie Gustave Le Cl\u00e9zio<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Martti Ahtisaari<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Paul Krugman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2007<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Albert Fert and Peter Gr\u00fcnberg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2007<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Gerhard Ertl<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2007<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2007<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Doris Lessing<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2007<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2007<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin and Roger B. Myerson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>John C. Mather and George F. Smoot<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Roger D. Kornberg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of RNA interference \u2013 gene silencing by double-stranded RNA&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Orhan Pamuk<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their efforts to create economic and social development from below&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Edmund S. Phelps<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2005<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Roy J. Glauber<br \/>John L. Hall and Theodor W. H\u00e4nsch<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2005<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2005<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2005<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Harold Pinter<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression&#8217;s closed rooms&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2005<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2005<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2004<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2004<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2004<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2004<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Elfriede Jelinek<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society&#8217;s clich\u00e9s and their subjugating power&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2004<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Wangari Muta Maathai<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2004<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2003<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2003<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Peter Agre<br \/>Roderick MacKinnon<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of water channels&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2003<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2003<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>John M. Coetzee<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2003<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Shirin Ebadi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2003<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Robert F. Engle III<br \/>Clive W.J. Granger<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2002<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba<br \/>Riccardo Giacconi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2002<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka<br \/>Kurt W\u00fcthrich<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2002<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2002<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Imre Kert\u00e9sz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2002<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Jimmy Carter<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2002<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Daniel Kahneman<br \/>Vernon L. Smith<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>William S. Knowles and Ryoji Noyori<br \/>K. Barry Sharpless<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>United Nations (U.N.) and Kofi Annan<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence and Joseph E. Stiglitz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Zhores Alferov and Herbert Kroemer<br \/>Jack Kilby<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Alan Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery and development of conductive polymers&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Gao Xingjian<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for an \u0153uvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Kim Dae-jung<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>James J. Heckman<br \/>Daniel L. McFadden<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Gerardus &#8216;t Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Ahmed Zewail<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>G\u00fcnter Blobel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>G\u00fcnter Grass<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Doctors Without Borders<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the organisation&#8217;s pioneering humanitarian work on several continents&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Robert Mundell<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1998<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. St\u00f6rmer and Daniel C. Tsui<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1998<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Walter Kohn<br \/>John Pople<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his development of the density-functional theory&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1998<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1998<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Jos\u00e9 Saramago<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1998<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>John Hume and David Trimble<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1998<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Amartya Sen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to welfare economics&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker<br \/>Jens C. Skou<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Stanley B. Prusiner<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of Prions &#8211; a new biological principle of infection&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Dario Fo<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Jody Williams<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Robert C. Merton and Myron Scholes<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for a new method to determine the value of derivatives&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1996<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1996<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold Kroto and Richard E. Smalley<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of fullerenes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1996<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1996<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Wis\u0142awa Szymborska<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1996<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and Jos\u00e9 Ramos-Horta<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1996<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>James A. Mirrlees and William Vickrey<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Martin L. Perl<br \/>Frederick Reines<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the tau lepton&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the detection of the neutrino&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Edward B. Lewis, Christiane N\u00fcsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Seamus Heaney<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Robert E. Lucas Jr.<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Bertram N. Brockhouse<br \/>Clifford G. Shull<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of neutron spectroscopy&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the development of the neutron diffraction technique&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>George A. Olah<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contribution to carbocation chemistry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Kenzaburo Oe<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1994<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr. and Reinhard Selten<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr.<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Kary B. Mullis<br \/>Michael Smith<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of split genes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Toni Morrison<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C. North<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Georges Charpak<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Rudolph A. Marcus<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Derek Walcott<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Rigoberta Mench\u00fa Tum<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her struggle for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1992<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Gary Becker<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1991<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Pierre-Gilles de Gennes<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1991<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Richard R. Ernst<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1991<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1991<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Nadine Gordimer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who through her magnificent epic writing has &#8211; in the words of Alfred Nobel &#8211; been of very great benefit to humanity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1991<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Aung San Suu Kyi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1991<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Ronald H. Coase<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1990<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1990<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Elias James Corey<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1990<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1990<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Octavio Paz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1990<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Mikhail Gorbachev<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1990<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller and William F. Sharpe<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1989<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Norman F. Ramsey<br \/>Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the development of the ion trap technique&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1989<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1989<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1989<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man&#8217;s vulnerability&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1989<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>The 14th Dalai Lama<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1989<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Trygve Haavelmo<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1988<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1988<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1988<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1988<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Naguib Mahfouz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who, through works rich in nuance &#8211; now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous &#8211; has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1988<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>United Nations Peacekeeping Forces<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1988<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Maurice Allais<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1987<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alex M\u00fcller<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1987<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1987<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Susumu Tonegawa<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1987<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Joseph Brodsky<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1987<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Oscar Arias S\u00e1nchez<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work for lasting peace in Central America&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1987<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Robert M. Solow<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to the theory of economic growth&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1986<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Ernst Ruska<br \/>Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1986<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1986<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries of growth factors&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1986<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Wole Soyinka<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1986<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Elie Wiesel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1986<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>James M. Buchanan Jr.<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Klaus von Klitzing<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Claude Simon<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who in his novel combines the poet&#8217;s and the painter&#8217;s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for spreading authoritative information and by creating awareness of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Franco Modigliani<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1984<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1984<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Bruce Merrifield<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1984<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. K\u00f6hler and C\u00e9sar Milstein<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1984<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Jaroslav Seifert<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1984<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Desmond Tutu<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1984<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Richard Stone<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1983<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar<br \/>William A. Fowler<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1983<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Henry Taube<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1983<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Barbara McClintock<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her discovery of mobile genetic elements&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1983<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>William Golding<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1983<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1983<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Gerard Debreu<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1982<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Kenneth G. Wilson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1982<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Aaron Klug<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1982<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sune K. Bergstr\u00f6m, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1982<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent&#8217;s life and conflicts&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1982<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Alva Myrdal and Alfonso Garc\u00eda Robles<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1982<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>George J. Stigler<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1981<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur L. Schawlow<br \/>Kai M. Siegbahn<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1981<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1981<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Roger W. Sperry<br \/>David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1981<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Elias Canetti<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1981<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1981<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>James Tobin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1980<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>James Cronin and Val Fitch<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1980<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Paul Berg<br \/>Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1980<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George D. Snell<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1980<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Czes\u0142aw Mi\u0142osz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man&#8217;s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1980<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Adolfo P\u00e9rez Esquivel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for being a source of inspiration to repressed people, especially in Latin America&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1980<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Lawrence R. Klein<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1979<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1979<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Herbert C. Brown and Georg Wittig<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1979<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of computer assisted tomography&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1979<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Odysseus Elytis<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man&#8217;s struggle for freedom and creativeness&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1979<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Mother Teresa<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her work for bringing help to suffering humanity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1979<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Theodore W. Schultz and Sir Arthur Lewis<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1978<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Pyotr Kapitsa<br \/>Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1978<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Peter Mitchell<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1978<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1978<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Isaac Bashevis Singer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1978<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Anwar al-Sadat and Menachem Begin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1978<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Herbert Simon<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1977<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Philip W. Anderson, Sir Nevill F. Mott and John H. Van Vleck<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1977<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Ilya Prigogine<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1977<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally<br \/>Rosalyn Yalow<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1977<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Vicente Aleixandre<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man&#8217;s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1977<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Amnesty International<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for worldwide respect for human rights&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1977<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Bertil Ohlin and James E. Meade<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1976<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Burton Richter and Samuel C.C. Ting<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1976<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>William Lipscomb<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1976<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1976<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Saul Bellow<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1976<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1976<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Milton Friedman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1975<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson and James Rainwater<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1975<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>John Cornforth<br \/>Vladimir Prelog<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1975<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard M. Temin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1975<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Eugenio Montale<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1975<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Andrei Sakharov<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1975<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich and Tjalling C. Koopmans<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1974<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1974<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Paul J. Flory<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1974<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E. Palade<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1974<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Eyvind Johnson<br \/>Harry Martinson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1974<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Se\u00e1n MacBride<br \/>Eisaku Sat\u014d<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1974<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Gunnar Myrdal and Friedrich von Hayek<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever<br \/>Brian D. Josephson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Ernst Otto Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Patrick White<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Wassily Leontief<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1972<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper and Robert Schrieffer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1972<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Christian Anfinsen<br \/>Stanford Moore and William H. Stein<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1972<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1972<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Heinrich B\u00f6ll<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1972<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1972<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>John R. Hicks and Kenneth J. Arrow<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1971<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Dennis Gabor<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his invention and development of the holographic method&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1971<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Gerhard Herzberg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1971<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1971<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Pablo Neruda<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent&#8217;s destiny and dreams&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1971<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Willy Brandt<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1971<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Simon Kuznets<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1970<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Hannes Alfv\u00e9n<br \/>Louis N\u00e9el<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1970<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Luis Leloir<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1970<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1970<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1970<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Norman Borlaug<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having given a well-founded hope &#8211; the green revolution&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1970<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Paul A. Samuelson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1969<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Murray Gell-Mann<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1969<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Derek Barton and Odd Hassel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1969<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Max Delbr\u00fcck, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1969<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Samuel Beckett<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his writing, which &#8211; in new forms for the novel and drama &#8211; in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1969<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>International Labour Organization<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1969<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Luis Alvarez<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Lars Onsager<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Yasunari Kawabata<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Ren\u00e9 Cassin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in the UN Declaration&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Hans Bethe<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Manfred Eigen, Ronald G.W. Norrish and George Porter<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Ragnar Granit, Keffer Hartline and George Wald<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Miguel Angel Asturias<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1\/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2\/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1966<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Alfred Kastler<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1966<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Robert S. Mulliken<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1966<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Peyton Rous<br \/>Charles B. Huggins<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1966<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Shmuel Agnon<br \/>Nelly Sachs<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel&#8217;s destiny with touching strength&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1966<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1966<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Robert B. Woodward<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Fran\u00e7ois Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Lwoff and Jacques Monod<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Mikhail Sholokhov<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>United Nations Children&#8217;s Fund<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for its effort to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poor states&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1964<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov and Aleksandr M. Prokhorov<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1964<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1964<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1964<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Jean-Paul Sartre<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1964<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Martin Luther King Jr.<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1964<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1963<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Eugene Wigner<br \/>Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1963<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1963<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sir John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1963<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Giorgos Seferis<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1963<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>International Committee of the Red Cross and League of Red Cross Societies<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1963<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Lev Landau<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Max F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their studies of the structures of globular proteins&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>John Steinbeck<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Linus Pauling<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1961<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Robert Hofstadter<br \/>Rudolf M\u00f6ssbauer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1961<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Melvin Calvin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1961<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Georg von B\u00e9k\u00e9sy<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1961<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Ivo Andri\u0107<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1961<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1961<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Donald A. Glaser<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the invention of the bubble chamber&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Willard F. Libby<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Saint-John Perse<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Albert Lutuli<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his non-violent struggle against apartheid&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Emilio Segr\u00e8 and Owen Chamberlain<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of the antiproton&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Jaroslav Heyrovsky<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Salvatore Quasimodo<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Philip Noel-Baker<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Pavel A. Cherenkov, Il\u00b4ja M. Frank and Igor Y. Tamm<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Frederick Sanger<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>George Beadle and Edward Tatum<br \/>Joshua Lederberg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Boris Pasternak<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Georges Pire<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1957<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1957<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Lord Todd<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1957<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Daniel Bovet<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1957<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Albert Camus<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1957<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Lester Bowles Pearson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1957<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1956<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1956<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Sir Cyril Hinshelwood and Nikolay Semenov<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1956<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Andr\u00e9 F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1956<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Juan Ram\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1956<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1\/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2\/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1956<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1955<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Willis E. Lamb<br \/>Polykarp Kusch<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1955<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Vincent du Vigneaud<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1955<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Hugo Theorell<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1955<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Halld\u00f3r Laxness<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1955<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1955<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1954<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Max Born<br \/>Walther Bothe<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1954<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Linus Pauling<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1954<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1954<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Ernest Hemingway<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1954<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1953<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1953<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Frits Zernike<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1953<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Hermann Staudinger<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1953<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Hans Krebs<br \/>Fritz Lipmann<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the citric acid cycle&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1953<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Winston Churchill<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1953<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>George C. Marshall<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1953<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1952<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Felix Bloch and E. M. Purcell<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1952<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their invention of partition chromatography&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1952<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Selman A. Waksman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1952<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1952<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Albert Schweitzer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1952<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1951<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>John Cockcroft and Ernest T.S. Walton<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1951<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Edwin M. McMillan and Glenn T. Seaborg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1951<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Max Theiler<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1951<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>P\u00e4r Lagerkvist<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1951<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>L\u00e9on Jouhaux<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1951<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1950<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Cecil Powell<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1950<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Otto Diels and Kurt Alder<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1950<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein and Philip S. Hench<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1950<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Bertrand Russell<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1950<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Ralph Bunche<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1950<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Hideki Yukawa<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>William F. Giauque<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Walter Hess<br \/>Egas Moniz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>William Faulkner<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Lord Boyd Orr<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1948<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Patrick M.S. Blackett<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1948<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Arne Tiselius<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1948<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Paul M\u00fcller<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1948<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>T.S. Eliot<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1948<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1\/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2\/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1948<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1947<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Edward V. Appleton<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1947<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Sir Robert Robinson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1947<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Carl Cori and Gerty Cori<br \/>Bernardo Houssay<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1947<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Andr\u00e9 Gide<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1947<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Friends Service Council and American Friends Service Committee<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1947<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1946<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Percy W. Bridgman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1946<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>James B. Sumner<br \/>John H. Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1946<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Hermann J. Muller<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1946<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Hermann Hesse<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1946<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Emily Greene Balch<br \/>John R. Mott<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her lifelong work for the cause of peace&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1946<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Wolfgang Pauli<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Artturi Virtanen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain and Sir Howard Florey<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Gabriela Mistral<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Cordell Hull<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1945<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1944<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Isidor Isaac Rabi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1944<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Otto Hahn<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1944<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Joseph Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1944<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Johannes V. Jensen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1944<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>International Committee of the Red Cross<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1944<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1943<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Otto Stern<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1943<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>George de Hevesy<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1943<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Henrik Dam<br \/>Edward A. Doisy<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of vitamin K&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1943<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1\/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2\/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1943<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1\/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2\/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1943<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1942<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1942<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1942<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1942<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1942<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1942<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1941<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1941<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1941<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1941<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1941<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1941<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prizes awarded this year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1939<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Ernest Lawrence<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1939<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Adolf Butenandt<br \/>Leopold Ruzicka<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on sex hormones&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1939<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Gerhard Domagk<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1939<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Frans Eemil Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his deep understanding of his country&#8217;s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1939<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1\/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2\/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1939<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1938<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Enrico Fermi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1938<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Richard Kuhn<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on carotenoids and vitamins&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1938<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Corneille Heymans<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1938<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Pearl Buck<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1938<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Nansen International Office for Refugees<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1938<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1937<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Clinton Davisson and George Paget Thomson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1937<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Norman Haworth<br \/>Paul Karrer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1937<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1937<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Roger Martin du Gard<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1937<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Robert Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1937<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1936<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Victor F. Hess<br \/>Carl D. Anderson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of cosmic radiation&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discovery of the positron&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1936<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Peter Debye<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1936<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sir Henry Dale and Otto Loewi<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1936<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Eugene O&#8217;Neill<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1936<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Carlos Saavedra Lamas<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his role as father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933, which he also used as a means to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1936<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>James Chadwick<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the neutron&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Joliot and Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Hans Spemann<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1\/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2\/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Carl von Ossietzky<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1934<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1\/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2\/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1934<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Harold C. Urey<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of heavy hydrogen&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1934<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>George H. Whipple, George R. Minot and William P. Murphy<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1934<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Luigi Pirandello<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1934<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Arthur Henderson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1934<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1933<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger and Paul A.M. Dirac<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1933<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1\/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2\/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1933<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Thomas H. Morgan<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1933<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Ivan Bunin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1933<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Sir Norman Angell<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1933<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1932<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Werner Heisenberg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1932<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Irving Langmuir<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1932<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Sir Charles Sherrington and Edgar Adrian<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1932<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>John Galsworthy<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1932<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1932<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1931<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1931<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1931<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Otto Warburg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1931<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Erik Axel Karlfeldt<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1931<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Jane Addams and Nicholas Murray Butler<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1931<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1930<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1930<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Hans Fischer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1930<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Karl Landsteiner<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of human blood groups&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1930<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Sinclair Lewis<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1930<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Nathan S\u00f6derblom<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for promoting Christian unity and helping create &#8216;that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1930<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Louis de Broglie<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Christiaan Eijkman<br \/>Sir Frederick Hopkins<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Thomas Mann<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Frank B. Kellogg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1928<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Owen Willans Richardson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1928<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Adolf Windaus<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1928<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Charles Nicolle<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on typhus&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1928<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Sigrid Undset<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1928<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1928<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1927<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Arthur H. Compton<br \/>C.T.R. Wilson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the effect named after him&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1927<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Heinrich Wieland<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1927<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Julius Wagner-Jauregg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1927<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Henri Bergson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1927<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Ferdinand Buisson and Ludwig Quidde<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1927<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1926<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Jean Baptiste Perrin<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1926<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>The Svedberg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on disperse systems&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1926<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Johannes Fibiger<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1926<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Grazia Deledda<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1926<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Aristide Briand and Gustav Stresemann<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1926<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1925<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>James Franck and Gustav Hertz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1925<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Richard Zsigmondy<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1925<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1925<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>George Bernard Shaw<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1925<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Sir Austen Chamberlain<br \/>Charles G. Dawes<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1925<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1924<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Manne Siegbahn<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1924<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1924<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Willem Einthoven<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1924<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>W\u0142adys\u0142aw Reymont<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his great national epic, The Peasants&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1924<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1924<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1923<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Robert A. Millikan<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1923<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Fritz Pregl<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1923<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Frederick G. Banting and John Macleod<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of insulin&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1923<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>William Butler Yeats<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1923<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1923<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1922<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Niels Bohr<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1922<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Francis W. Aston<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1922<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Archibald V. Hill<br \/>Otto Meyerhof<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1922<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Jacinto Benavente<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1922<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Fridtjof Nansen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations&#8217; High Commissioner for refugees&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1922<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1921<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Albert Einstein<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1921<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Frederick Soddy<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1921<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1921<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Anatole France<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1921<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Hjalmar Branting and Christian Lange<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1921<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1920<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Charles Edouard Guillaume<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1920<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Walther Nernst<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his work in thermochemistry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1920<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>August Krogh<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1920<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Knut Hamsun<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1920<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>L\u00e9on Bourgeois<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1920<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1919<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Johannes Stark<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1919<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1919<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Jules Bordet<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries relating to immunity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1919<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Carl Spitteler<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1919<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Woodrow Wilson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his role as founder of the League of Nations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1919<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1918<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Max Planck<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1918<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Fritz Haber<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1918<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1918<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1918<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1918<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Charles Glover Barkla<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the characteristic R\u00f6ntgen radiation of the elements&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Karl Gjellerup<br \/>Henrik Pontoppidan<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>International Committee of the Red Cross<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1916<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1916<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1916<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1916<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Verner von Heidenstam<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1916<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1916<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>William Bragg and Lawrence Bragg<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Richard Willst\u00e4tter<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Romain Rolland<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1914<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Max von Laue<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1914<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Theodore W. Richards<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1914<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Robert B\u00e1r\u00e1ny<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1914<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1914<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1914<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Heike Kamerlingh Onnes<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Alfred Werner<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Charles Richet<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Rabindranath Tagore<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Henri La Fontaine<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of peaceful internationalism&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1912<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Gustaf Dal\u00e9n<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1912<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Victor Grignard<br \/>Paul Sabatier<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1912<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Alexis Carrel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1912<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Gerhart Hauptmann<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1912<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Elihu Root<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1912<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1911<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Wilhelm Wien<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1911<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Marie Curie<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1911<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Allvar Gullstrand<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the dioptrics of the eye&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1911<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Maurice Maeterlinck<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers&#8217; own feelings and stimulate their imaginations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1911<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Tobias Asser<br \/>Alfred Fried<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international, initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conf\u00e9rences de Droit international priv\u00e9) at the Hague, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war, namely, the anarchy in international relations&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1911<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1910<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Johannes Diderik van der Waals<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1910<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Otto Wallach<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1910<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Albrecht Kossel<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1910<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Paul Heyse<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1910<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Permanent International Peace Bureau<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries, and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1910<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1909<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Guglielmo Marconi and Ferdinand Braun<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1909<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Wilhelm Ostwald<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1909<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Theodor Kocher<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1909<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Selma Lagerl\u00f6f<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1909<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Auguste Beernaert and Paul Henri d&#8217;Estournelles de Constant<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1909<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1908<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Gabriel Lippmann<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1908<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Ernest Rutherford<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1908<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Ilya Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of their work on immunity&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1908<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Rudolf Eucken<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1908<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Klas Pontus Arnoldson and Fredrik Bajer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1908<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1907<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Albert A. Michelson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1907<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Eduard Buchner<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1907<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Alphonse Laveran<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1907<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Rudyard Kipling<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1907<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Ernesto Teodoro Moneta<br \/>Louis Renault<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1907<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1906<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>J.J. Thomson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1906<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Henri Moissan<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1906<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1906<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Giosu\u00e8 Carducci<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1906<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Theodore Roosevelt<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world&#8217;s great powers, Japan and Russia&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1906<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1905<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Philipp Lenard<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on cathode rays&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1905<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Adolf von Baeyer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1905<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Robert Koch<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1905<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Henryk Sienkiewicz<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1905<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Bertha von Suttner<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for her audacity to oppose the horrors of war&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1905<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1904<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Lord Rayleigh<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1904<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Sir William Ramsay<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1904<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Ivan Pavlov<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1904<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Mistral<br \/>Jos\u00e9 Echegaray<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Proven\u00e7al philologist&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1904<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Institute of International Law<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for its striving in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and to make the laws of war more humane&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1904<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1903<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Henri Becquerel<br \/>Pierre Curie and Marie Curie<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1903<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Svante Arrhenius<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1903<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Niels Ryberg Finsen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1903<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Bj\u00f8rnstjerne Bj\u00f8rnson<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1903<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Randal Cremer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1903<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1902<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Hendrik A. Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1902<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Emil Fischer<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1902<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Ronald Ross<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1902<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Theodor Mommsen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1902<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>\u00c9lie Ducommun and Albert Gobat<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1902<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1901<\/td>\n<td>Physics<\/td>\n<td>Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1901<\/td>\n<td>Chemistry<\/td>\n<td>Jacobus H. van &#8216;t Hoff<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1901<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<td>Emil von Behring<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1901<\/td>\n<td>Literature<\/td>\n<td>Sully Prudhomme<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1901<\/td>\n<td>Peace<\/td>\n<td>Henry Dunant and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Passy<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding&#8221;<br \/>&#8220;for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1901<\/td>\n<td>Economics<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><script>\nlet table = new DataTable('#nobels', {\n    pageLength: 30, \n    ordering: true,\n    order: [[0, 'dsc']], \/\/ alphabetizes the first column on load\n    language: {\n        search: \"Filter Models:\"\n    }\n});\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/z-mmed\/flags\/skyd.svg\" width=\"23\" height=\"23\" align=\"left\" \/>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #919191;font-size: 11px\"><em>Sky Division &#038; Logios, June 2026<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Between 1901 and 2025, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 633 times to 1,026 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=20747\" class=\"more-link\">Lexo <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20747","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-multimedia"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20747","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20747"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20747\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20747"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20747"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20747"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}