{"id":2464,"date":"2019-10-01T18:31:40","date_gmt":"2019-10-01T18:31:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.letrat.eu\/?p=2464"},"modified":"2024-09-05T09:40:51","modified_gmt":"2024-09-05T08:40:51","slug":"interneti-kuantik-instrumentalizmi-anti-realizmi-shkencor-etj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=2464","title":{"rendered":"Realizmi dhe Instrumentalizmi (Anti-Realizmi) Shkencor"},"content":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – Ars Poetica, D 2017 – Koment
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt realist\u00eb (n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn grupnaj\u00eb b\u00ebnte pjes\u00eb dhe Ajnshtajni) pohojn\u00eb se kemi arsye t\u00eb mira p\u00ebr t’besuar n\u00eb parimet kryesore t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs. Sipas “realist\u00ebve” bota jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb dhe e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, pik\u00ebrisht si\u00e7 na e “sqaron” shkenca, s’ kemi arsye t\u00eb “dyshojm\u00eb” n\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsin\u00eb e gjykimeve shkencore. Mir\u00ebpo si ta dim\u00eb se v\u00ebrtet \u00ebsht\u00eb ashtu – sikur ka nj\u00eb debat shekullor rreth k\u00ebsaj<\/strong>?<\/p>\n

Debatet rreth realizmit shkencor kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me \u00e7\u00ebshtjen “sa ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb njer\u00ebzimi t\u00eb shpresoj\u00eb ose t\u00eb besoj\u00eb se shkenca do ta ‘ngop\u00eb’ realisht kureshtjen tone lidhur me \u00e7’\u00ebsht\u00eb bota n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb?”. Realist\u00ebt shkencor priren t’jen\u00eb optimist\u00eb – anti-realist\u00ebt, Instrumentalistet priren dhe bazohen n\u00eb skepticizmin.
\nNj\u00eb shekull m\u00eb her\u00ebt Ajnshtajni dhe Realist\u00ebt e paten “humbur” : ) duelin debatik, pat\u00ebn fituar Niels Bohr dhe Instrumentalistet e “filozofis\u00eb” shkencore. Q\u00eb nga ajo koh\u00eb Instrumentalizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb par\u00eb si norm\u00eb, anise debati \u00ebsht\u00eb vazhduar p\u00ebr t’mos u ndalur as sot e k\u00ebsaj dite.<\/p>\n

Realizmi n\u00eb filozofin\u00eb e shkenc\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebpamja se vlera e koncepteve dhe e teorive shkencore nuk p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00ebse ato jan\u00eb fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr fjal\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta, ose n\u00ebse n\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb kuptimi korrespondojn\u00eb me realitetin, por vlera varet nga shkalla sa ndihmojn\u00eb ato p\u00ebr t’b\u00ebr\u00eb parashikime t\u00eb sakta empirike ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur probleme konceptuale.
\nMe fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, realizmi shkencor \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebpamja q\u00eb teorit\u00eb shkencore t\u00eb konfirmuara jan\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta; shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt realist\u00eb pohojn\u00eb se ne kemi arsye t\u00eb mira p\u00ebr t’besuar n\u00eb parimet e tyre kryesore. Ata thon\u00eb se duke patur parasysh parashikimet spektakolare, inxhinierike dhe sukseset “teorike” t\u00eb teorive m\u00eb t\u00eb mira shkencore, do t’ishte pothuaj e “pakuptimt\u00eb” n\u00ebse ato t’mos ishin p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht t\u00eb sakta (t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta).<\/p>\n

Kjo linj\u00eb e natyrshme e mendimit e ka nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb respektuar n\u00eb familjen mbar\u00ebbot\u00ebrore t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, megjithat\u00eb ka qen\u00eb subjekt i mosmarr\u00ebveshjes filozofike q\u00eb nga fillimi i shkenc\u00ebs moderne.<\/p>\n

Sipas Michael Liston (Universiteti i Wisconsin-Milwaukee, ShBA), n\u00eb vitet ’70 (dmth. t\u00eb shek. q\u00eb lam\u00eb pas) nj\u00eb form\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e fort\u00eb e realizmit shkencor u mbrojt nga Putnam, Boyd dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Sipas Liston “realizmi shkencor” i k\u00ebsaj periudhe karakterizohet nga k\u00ebto angazhime si vijon: 1. Shkenca synon t\u00eb jap\u00eb nj\u00eb llogari t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb p\u00ebr bot\u00ebn – 2. Ta pranosh nj\u00eb teori \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb besosh se ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb (af\u00ebrsisht) e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb – 3. Ekziston nj\u00eb bot\u00eb e caktuar e pavarur nga “mendorja” dhe nj\u00eb bot\u00eb tjet\u00ebr e pavarur nga “gjuh\u00ebsorja” – 4. Teorit\u00eb jan\u00eb v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta (kur ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta), pjes\u00ebrisht sepse konceptet e tyre “mbyllen” ose korrespondojn\u00eb me pronat e v\u00ebrteta (llojet natyrore dhe t\u00eb ngjashme) q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin rrjedhsh\u00ebm p\u00ebrdorimin e suksessh\u00ebm t\u00eb koncepteve – 5. Progresi i shkenc\u00ebs konvertohet asimptotikisht n\u00eb nj\u00eb llogari t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Konferenca e Pest\u00eb e Solvay, 1927<\/strong><\/p>\n

Institutet Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare t\u00eb Solvay p\u00ebr Fizik\u00eb dhe Kimi, me seli n\u00eb Bruksel, qen\u00eb themeluar nga industrialisti belg Ernest Solvay n\u00eb v. 1912. Q\u00eb nga at\u00ebher\u00eb \u00e7do tre vjet mblidhen fizikant\u00ebt dhe kimist\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb shquar nga mbar\u00eb bota, dhe sipas agjend\u00ebs aktuale-konferenciale diskutohet p\u00ebr arritjet dhe problematikat e k\u00ebtyre dy fushave jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb gjera shkencore.<\/p>\n

Sa i p\u00ebrket konferencave t\u00eb Solvay p\u00ebr Fizik\u00ebn, gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb historis\u00eb ndoshta ajo m\u00eb interesantja ishte e 5-ta e radh\u00ebs, me tem\u00ebn Elektronet dhe Fotonet, n\u00eb Tetor t\u00eb 1927. Fizikant\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb shquar t\u00eb bot\u00ebs u takuan p\u00ebr t\u00eb diskutuar rreth Teoris\u00eb Kuantike, at\u00ebbot\u00eb t\u00eb sapoformuluar. Figurat kryesore ishin Albert Einstein dhe Niels Bohr. Konferenca i pati 29 pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs, 17 prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve ishin ose u b\u00ebn\u00eb fitues t\u00eb \u00c7mimit Nobel, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb laureaten e dyfisht\u00eb Marie Curie, si e vetmja mes tyre q\u00eb ka fituar \u00c7mimet Nobel n\u00eb dy disiplina t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta shkencore.<\/p>\n

Kjo konferenc\u00eb sikur ishte kulmi i “luft\u00ebs debat-ike” midis Ajnshtajnit se bashku me “realist\u00ebt” e vet (t\u00eb cil\u00ebt i p\u00ebrkrahnin rregullat strikte t\u00eb metod\u00ebs shkencore t\u00eb parashtruara nga Charles Peirce dhe Karl Popper), kundrejt Bohrit dhe “instrumentalist\u00ebve”, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt k\u00ebrkonin rregulla m\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00ebrshme n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb rezultateve. Duke filluar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb (pra, Konferenc\u00ebn e 5-t\u00eb t\u00eb Solvay), instrumentalist\u00ebt dol\u00ebn “fitimtar\u00eb”, q\u00eb nga ajo koh\u00eb Instrumentalizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb par\u00eb si norm\u00eb, anise debati \u00ebsht\u00eb vazhduar, p\u00ebr t’mos u ndalur as sot e k\u00ebsaj dite.<\/p>\n

***
\nKonferenca e par\u00eb Solvay u mbajt n\u00eb Bruksel n\u00eb vitin 1911. Tema ishte Rrezatimi dhe Kuantat. Kjo konferenc\u00eb pakashum\u00eb ishte vet\u00ebm si “ftes\u00eb” historike (nuk dihej nese do kishte vazhdime), megjithat\u00eb konsiderohet si pik\u00eb ky\u00e7 n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e fizik\u00ebs. Kjo konferenc\u00eb i “analizoi” problemet e t\u00eb dy qasjeve, gjegj\u00ebsisht t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs klasike dhe t\u00eb teoris\u00eb kuantike. Albert Einstein ishte i i pranish\u00ebm, dhe ishte pothuaj nj\u00eb djaloshar. An\u00ebtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb Konferenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb t\u00eb Solvay p\u00ebrfshinin figurash shkencore t\u00eb tilla si Marie Curie dhe Henri Poincare.
\nPas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, Konferenca e Solvay e radh\u00ebs u mbajt n\u00eb Prill t\u00eb v. 1921. Shumica e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve gjerman\u00eb nuk u ftuan n\u00eb Konferenc\u00eb. N\u00eb protest\u00eb ndaj k\u00ebtij veprimi, Albert Einstein, qytetar dhe mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebs i z\u00ebsh\u00ebm i Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Re t\u00eb Weimar, e refuzoi ftes\u00ebn p\u00ebr t’marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb, pasi shumica e bashkatdhetar\u00ebve nuk qen\u00eb ftuar.<\/p>\n

Konferencat Solvay (Conseils Solvay) deri m\u00eb sot kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkushtuara ndaj problemeve t\u00eb hapura n\u00eb Fizik\u00eb dhe Kimi. Deri tani (2017), ka patur 27 Konferenca Solvay p\u00ebr Fizik\u00ebn, dhe 24 sosh p\u00ebr Kimin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

(Fotoja<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Kjo foto e “ngjyrosur” e pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve t\u00eb Konferenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Pest\u00eb t\u00eb Solvay, 1927<\/strong>, \u00ebsht\u00eb unike. Solvay 5 sikur ishte kulmi i “luft\u00ebs debat-ike” mes Ajnshtajnit s\u00eb bashku me “realist\u00ebt” e vet, kundrejt “Instrumentalist\u00ebve”. Konferenca e 1927, i pati 29 pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs, 17 prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve ishin… ose do t’beheshin fitues t\u00eb Nobelit.
\nKomenti im rreth \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve t\u00eb Fizik\u00ebs Kuantike, rreth nd\u00ebrlidhjes s\u00eb Filozofis\u00eb e t\u00eb Shkenc\u00ebs, rreth Instrumentalizmit, Realizmit, Anti-realizmit shkencor, rreth debateve “pro et contra”, sikur u “frym\u00ebzua” nga fotoja : )<\/em><\/p>\n

(emrat<\/em>)
\nAuguste Piccard (1884-1962), \u00c9mile Henriot (1885-1961), Paul Ehrenfest (1880-1933), \u00c9douard Herzen (1877-1936), Th\u00e9ophile de Donder (1872-1957), Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger (1887-1961) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1933 ], Jules-\u00c9mile Verschaffelt (1870-1955), Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1945 ], Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1932 ], Ralph Fowler (1889-1944), L\u00e9on Brillouin (1889-1969), Peter Debye (1884-1966), Martin Knudsen (1871-1949), William Bragg (1890-1971) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1915 ], Hendrik Kramers (1894-1952), Paul Dirac (1902-1984) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1933 ], Arthur Compton (1892-1962) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1927 ], Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1929 ], Max Born (1882-1970) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1954 ], Niels Bohr (1885-1962) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1922 ], Irving Langmuir (1881-1957), Max Planck (1858-1947) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1918 ], Marie Curie (1867-1934) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1903, 1911 ], Hendrik Lorentz (1853-1928) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1902 ], Albert Einstein (1879-1955) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1921 ], Paul Langevin (1872-1946), Charles-Eug\u00e8ne Guye (1866-1942), Charles Wilson (1868-1959) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1927 ], Owen Richardson (1879-1959) [ Nobel<\/strong>, 1928 ]<\/p>\n

***
\nSukseset e QuTech<\/strong> (Qend\u00ebr k\u00ebrkimore e avancuar p\u00ebr Informatik\u00ebn Kuantike dhe Internetin Kuantik, TU Delft, Holand\u00eb)<\/p>\n

Sukseset e viteve t\u00eb fundit (2013 – 2017) n\u00eb Fizik\u00ebn Kuantike t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Holand\u00ebs, respektivisht t\u00eb “QuTech Academy” (Qendra K\u00ebrkimore dhe Zhvillimore rreth Teknologjive Kuantike – Universiteti i Delft), jan\u00eb v\u00ebrtet p\u00ebr t’u mahnitur. N\u00eb vitin 2014, grupi rreth Profesorit Ronald Hanson (bashk\u00ebthemelues i QuTech me 2013, dhe Drejtor aktual shkencor) i pushtoi mediat e mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebs me lajmin e teleportimit n\u00eb larg\u00ebsi t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave kuantike n\u00eb mes t\u00eb elektroneve nga \u00e7ipa t\u00eb ngurtesuar. N\u00eb vitin 2015 nga QuTech u p\u00ebrfundua me sukses nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkim shkencor q\u00eb ishte sfid\u00eb prej dhjet\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00ebsh n\u00eb aren\u00ebn shkencore t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, duke kryer testin e par\u00eb Bell (pa ambiguitete). Koh\u00ebt e fundit, n\u00eb v. 2017, grupi i QuTech e realizoi distilimin e “binjak\u00ebzimit” kuantik (entanglement) n\u00eb Teorin\u00eb Kuantike, fenomeni u v\u00ebrtetua nga Profesori Hanson dhe grupi i tij – dmth. pik\u00ebrisht fenomeni m\u00eb i \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm kuantik q\u00eb e njeh shkenca, nga i cili Ajnshtajni kishte aq shum\u00eb “frik\u00eb”, i kund\u00ebrvihej si vet\u00eb kundralogjikes dhe s’pati qen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje ta pranonte kurr\u00eb mir\u00ebfilli.
\nN\u00eb vitet e ardhshme, mbi k\u00ebto rezultate dhe suksese QuTech synon demonstrimin e bazave t\u00eb nj\u00eb Interneti t\u00eb ardhsh\u00ebm kuantik, me nj\u00eb rrjet rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor prej 4 qytetesh, projekt i planifikuar p\u00ebr vitin 2020.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – Ars Poetica, D 2017 – Koment Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt realist\u00eb (n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn grupnaj\u00eb b\u00ebnte pjes\u00eb dhe Ajnshtajni) pohojn\u00eb se kemi arsye t\u00eb mira p\u00ebr t’besuar n\u00eb parimet kryesore t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs. Sipas “realist\u00ebve” bota jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb dhe… Lexo →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[80],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2464","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zhvillimi-tekno-shkencor"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2464","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2464"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2464\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2464"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2464"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}