{"id":2808,"date":"2019-10-05T19:39:13","date_gmt":"2019-10-05T19:39:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.letrat.eu\/?p=2808"},"modified":"2024-04-16T20:31:44","modified_gmt":"2024-04-16T19:31:44","slug":"libri-i-te-vdekurve-zemra-ne-peshore-penda-e-se-vertetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=2808","title":{"rendered":"“Libri i t\u00eb Vdekurve” – Zemra n\u00eb Peshore, Penda e s\u00eb V\u00ebrtet\u00ebs!"},"content":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – Ars poetica, K 2019<\/em><\/p>\n

(…zemrat e mij\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00ebve tashm\u00eb e kan\u00eb gjetur qet\u00ebsin\u00eb e vet, ve\u00e7 jan\u00eb matur e gjykuar… jan\u00eb kund\u00ebrpeshuar me “Pend\u00ebn e V\u00ebrtet\u00ebsis\u00eb”, mbetet vet\u00ebm t\u00eb lutemi p\u00ebr zemrat tona, vall\u00eb do jen\u00eb t\u00eb lehta si “pend\u00ebl e pafaj\u00ebsis\u00eb” apo t\u00eb r\u00ebnda<\/strong>…)<\/p>\n

***
\nP\u00ebr fat t\u00eb mir\u00eb, egjiptasit e vjet\u00ebr s’na kan\u00eb r\u00ebnduar me aq shum\u00eb mite e p\u00ebrralla (n\u00eb kuptimin jo aq shum\u00eb… sa marramendja greko-romake \ud83d\ude42 Pra, krahasuar me mitologjin\u00eb greke, egjiptasit na ofrojn\u00eb relativisht pak mite, dhe pjesa d\u00ebrrmuese e miteve t\u00eb tyre v\u00ebrtiten rreth e rrotull tem\u00ebs s\u00eb krijimit t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Rishtas, n\u00eb kuptimin krahasimtar, “pak mite” sidomos n\u00ebse kihet parasysh periudha prej disa mij\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00ebve e qytet\u00ebrimit. Kur thuhet Egjipti i vjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb kuptimin kohor mendohet p\u00ebr qytet\u00ebrimin q\u00eb filloi rreth v. 3300-3500 p.e.s. dhe i cili lul\u00ebzoi deri rreth v. 330 p.e.s. (pas r\u00ebnies n\u00ebn sfer\u00ebn greke, me pushtimin e Egjiptit nga Aleksandri i Madh).<\/p>\n

Sa i p\u00ebrket “krijimit…”, secila qend\u00ebr m\u00eb e madhe e dinastive t\u00eb Egjiptit do ta kishte versionin e vet rreth “krijimit t\u00eb bot\u00ebs”. Qendra e Heliopolisit e kishte besimin e vet, Memfisi t\u00eb vetin, Hermopolisi (Magna) versionin e vet etj. Po ashtu e qart\u00eb, fjala \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb kohore, fjala \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr 3000 vjet “mug\u00ebtir\u00eb” historike. Si shembull, nga p\u00ebrspektiva e egjiptasve (p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb tre mileniumeve) ndonj\u00ebri version “i krijimit…” mund t’ket\u00eb qen\u00eb m\u00eb i popullarizuar sesa versionet e qendrave tjera. Shkollar\u00ebt sot s’mund ta thon\u00eb se cili version ishte m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmi. P\u00ebr ne sikur t\u00eb gjitha versionet e kan\u00eb nj\u00ebsoj “pesh\u00ebn” e vet, gjith\u00e7ka e mitologjis\u00eb thuase \u00ebsht\u00eb kund\u00ebrpeshuar me “Pend\u00ebn e V\u00ebrtet\u00ebsis\u00eb”. Nga p\u00ebrspektiva jon\u00eb, mitet e njer\u00ebzimit jan\u00eb si t\u00eb thuash “faqesh” neutrale, pend\u00ebsh t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebsis\u00eb. Zemrat e mij\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00ebve tashm\u00eb e kan\u00eb gjetur qet\u00ebsin\u00eb e vet, ve\u00e7 jan\u00eb matur e gjykuar… Mbetet vet\u00ebm t\u00eb lutemi p\u00ebr zemrat tona, vall\u00eb do jen\u00eb t\u00eb lehta “pend\u00ebl e pafaj\u00ebsis\u00eb” apo t\u00eb r\u00ebnda.<\/p>\n

Sidoqoft\u00eb, egjiptasit v\u00ebrtet “m\u00eb pak” p\u00ebrralla, e megjithat\u00eb mitologjia e tyre konsiderohet nj\u00ebra nga m\u00eb komplekset. Ata jan\u00eb marr\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht shum\u00eb me vdekjen e me pasvdekjen. Kjo pjes\u00eb e lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb egjiptase \u00ebsht\u00eb “karakteristik\u00eb” e jasht\u00ebzakonshme, dhe aq e pasur. Pothuaj sikur gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb dihet p\u00ebr Egjiptin sikur \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur dhe apo v\u00ebrtitet rreth k\u00ebsaj “karakteristike”, e sidomos piramidat, mumifikimi, ofertat p\u00ebr zotat… etj. Keopsi padyshim e mban rekordin universal sa i p\u00ebrket “varrit m\u00eb t\u00eb madh”, ujdisur p\u00ebr vete. Piramida grandioze (si grumbull i madh gur\u00ebsh me maj\u00ebn kah qielli) ishte di\u00e7 si “lidhje” e prekshme mes bot\u00ebs tok\u00ebsore dhe asaj hyjnore. Mir\u00ebpo kishte ca “rregulla” q\u00eb duhej ndjekur p\u00ebr t\u00eb funksionuar “lidhja me hyjnoren”. Piramida + rregullat ishin dmth. nj\u00eb lloj mjeti kompleks p\u00ebr ta arritur t\u00eb p\u00ebrtejmen, pavdeksin\u00eb, kontaktin me hyjnoren.<\/p>\n

Rr\u00ebnjosur thell\u00eb n\u00eb besimin p\u00ebr pavdek\u00ebsin\u00eb, gjykimi i shpirtrave ishte nj\u00eb nga ceremonit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb udh\u00ebtimit n\u00ebp\u00ebr “jet\u00ebn” e p\u00ebrtejme, rrug\u00ebs s\u00eb amshimit. Kuptohet, kush mund t’i gjykonte shpirtrat… kush na i paska vall\u00eb kompetencat dhe p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 zotave. Papiruset e “Librit t\u00eb Vdekurve” jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr ta kuptuar besimin e Egjiptit t\u00eb lasht\u00eb, na flasin qart\u00eb p\u00ebr bindjen e thell\u00eb t\u00eb egjiptasve rreth vdekjes dhe pavdek\u00ebsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

***
\nLibri i t\u00eb Vdekurve (di\u00e7 si em\u00ebrtim i p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt i versioneve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb teksteve funerale nga Egjipti i vjet\u00ebr) konsistonte nga nj\u00eb koleksion formulash magjike-fetare q\u00eb t\u00eb vdekurin duhej ta mbronin e ndihmonin n\u00eb udh\u00ebtimin drejt Duat (N\u00ebntok\u00ebs, bot\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb vdekurve) si dhe drejt pavdek\u00ebsis\u00eb. Shkollar\u00ebt thon\u00eb q\u00eb s’kishte ndonj\u00eb “botim” standard dhe apo unik t\u00eb “Librit t\u00eb Vdekurve”, asnj\u00eb edicion q\u00eb njihet s’\u00ebsht\u00eb identik me nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Ne do sh\u00ebrbehemi me “Versionin e Hunefrit” p\u00ebr ta ilustruar sadopak tem\u00ebn n\u00eb fjal\u00eb.<\/p>\n

“Peshimi i zemr\u00ebs” quhej ceremonia n\u00eb Sall\u00ebn e Dy t\u00eb V\u00ebrtetave (Salla e Mat) q\u00eb nj\u00eb person i vdekur duhej t’i n\u00ebnshtrohej. Zotat do ta gjykonin denj\u00ebsin\u00eb e secilit shpirt. Past\u00ebrtia shpirt\u00ebrore do t’ishte faktori p\u00ebrcaktues n\u00ebse personi i vdekur ishte i virtytsh\u00ebm, n\u00ebse do t’i lejohej t\u00eb hynte n\u00eb Aru (di\u00e7 si parajs\u00eb e sunduar nga Osirisi). N\u00eb rregull, por si do ta p\u00ebrcaktonin past\u00ebrtin\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore, si do ta gjenin sa e “leht\u00eb” ishte nj\u00eb zem\u00ebr nga pafaj\u00ebsia, apo sa e “r\u00ebnd\u00eb nga m\u00ebkatet”?<\/p>\n

Epo, per\u00ebndesha Mat (e bija e per\u00ebndis\u00eb Ra dhe e per\u00ebndesh\u00ebs Hathor) i kishte v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion pothuaj t\u00eb gjitha gj\u00ebrat q\u00eb nevojiteshin. Mat ishte personifikim i s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs, drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb, men\u00e7uris\u00eb, ligjit, moralit, rregullit, harmonis\u00eb, stin\u00ebve, barazpesh\u00ebs kozmike (e kund\u00ebrta ideologjike e Mat ishte Isfet – padrejt\u00ebsia, kaosi, dhuna ose gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me t\u00eb keqen, me t\u00eb ligen). N\u00eb Sall\u00ebn e Dy t\u00eb V\u00ebrtetave, n\u00eb sall\u00ebn hyjnore ishte instaluar nj\u00eb peshore e sofistikuar, Peshorja e Mat… e qart\u00eb, gjith\u00e7ka n\u00eb Sall\u00ebn e Mat i takonte asaj \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

Pra t\u00eb vdekurit do t’i peshohej zemra n\u00eb peshoren e per\u00ebndive, synohej tekefundit ekuilibrim me Pend\u00ebn e s\u00eb V\u00ebrtet\u00ebs (Penda e Mat, penda e strucit, emblem\u00eb e per\u00ebndesh\u00ebs Mat). Rreth matjes apo me funksionet e peshores do t’kujdesej Anubis, zoti i t\u00eb vdekurve. Nd\u00ebrsa Thoti, zoti i dituris\u00eb dhe i men\u00e7uris\u00eb, do t’kujdesej p\u00ebr rezultatet, do t’mbante sh\u00ebnimet e statistikat p\u00ebr arkivat hyjnore, do regjistronte \u00e7’thoshte peshorja. Gjat\u00eb peshimit-gjykimit gjith\u00e7ka e procesit ishte strikte, natyrisht gj\u00ebrat ishin hyjnore dhe funksiononin, N\u00eb “Papirusin i Hunefrit”, lart, shihen 14 per\u00ebndit\u00eb e Egjiptit nj\u00ebri pas tjetrit, n\u00eb rolin e gjyqtar\u00ebve, di\u00e7 si “juri e gjykimit shpirt\u00ebror”. Juria kolektive hyjnore padyshim ishte e pagabueshme, ama p\u00ebr \u00e7do rast… gjith\u00e7ka do t’mbikqyrej nga nj\u00eb gjyqtar suprem, nga per\u00ebndia Osiris, zot i n\u00ebntok\u00ebs dhe i pjelloris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse zemra e t\u00eb ndjerit rezultonte m\u00eb e leht\u00eb (apo dhe baraz) me Pend\u00ebn e Mat, i vdekuri mund t\u00eb kalonte n\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrtejm\u00ebn. N\u00ebse eventualisht peshorja t\u00eb thoshte s’ka leht\u00ebsi (as barazpesh\u00eb) por “zem\u00ebr e r\u00ebnd\u00eb” (kjo n\u00ebnkuptonte zem\u00ebr e lig\u00eb, e r\u00ebnduar nga m\u00ebkatet etj etj), n\u00eb t\u00eb tilla raste keq pra, jo mir\u00eb. Per\u00ebndesha Amut (hyjni funerare, per\u00ebndesh\u00eb-demon, paraqitej si monster, si kryq\u00ebzim i luanit, hipopotamit dhe krokodilit – tri kafsh\u00ebt e m\u00ebdha “q\u00eb i han\u00eb njer\u00ebzit”, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat dinin egjiptasit e lasht\u00eb) do ta kullufiste zemr\u00ebn e tij. Jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb Amut do ta hante zemr\u00ebn, ajo do hante dhe shpirtin, Amut ishte dhe shpirtngr\u00ebn\u00ebse. Madje nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrbind\u00ebsh do ta hante dhe “sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e shpirtit”. Se si Amut i hante “shpirtrat” mitologjia s’ofron sqarime, ama le t’supozojm\u00eb q\u00eb shpirti do t’ngelej duke u v\u00ebrdallur k\u00ebndej port\u00ebs s\u00eb N\u00ebntok\u00ebs p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb, do t’gelej pron\u00eb e Amut, s’do ta arrinte kurr\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrtejm\u00ebn, parajs\u00ebn e Osiris.<\/p>\n

[ Ngjitur: Ceremonia e gjykimit (nga Libri i t\u00eb Vdekurve<\/strong>, “Papirusi i Hunefrit<\/strong>“, version rreth ~1275 p.e.s. – Muzeu Britanik) ]<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

N\u00eb sken\u00ebn e par\u00eb, i vdekuri (Hunefri) sillet n\u00eb sall\u00ebn e gjykimit nga Anubis (i paraqitur kok\u00eb-\u00e7akall). N\u00eb sken\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr paraqitet peshimi i zemr\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. Shihet per\u00ebndesha-monster Amut, n\u00eb pritje t\u00eb rezultatit. Shihet dhe Thoti sqepmpreht\u00eb duke mbajtur t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e statistikat rreth matjes. Tutje shihet skena me t\u00eb ndjerin fatlum (Hunefri e ka kaluar testin – sipas atij vet\u00eb, meq\u00eb ai ka “p\u00ebrpiluar” papirusin, sipas shkronj\u00ebsit t\u00eb gjall\u00eb zemra e tij pas vdekjes ishte “ok”), Hunefri prezantohet nga Horusi (i paraqitur kok\u00eb-fajkua) para Osirisit (l\u00ebkur\u00ebgjelb\u00ebr). Osirisi \u00ebsht\u00eb i shoq\u00ebruar nga per\u00ebndeshat Isis dhe Neftis.<\/p>\n

“Papirusi i Hunefrit” \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kopje e tekstit funeral, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb nga shembujt klasik t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre teksteve (ashtuquajtur “Libri i t\u00eb Vdekurve”). Por pra kishte mjaft versione, si psh. “Papirusi i Anit”. Hunefri ishte nj\u00eb shkronj\u00ebs zyrtar (kronist, kopist profesionist, kopjues i dor\u00ebshkrimeve, manuskripteve) dhe administrator i faraonit Seti I (Dinastia XIX, ~ 1300 p.e.s, Seti I ishte i biri i Ramsesit I, nd\u00ebsa babai i Ramsesit II).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – Ars poetica, K 2019 (…zemrat e mij\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00ebve tashm\u00eb e kan\u00eb gjetur qet\u00ebsin\u00eb e vet, ve\u00e7 jan\u00eb matur e gjykuar… jan\u00eb kund\u00ebrpeshuar me “Pend\u00ebn e V\u00ebrtet\u00ebsis\u00eb”, mbetet vet\u00ebm t\u00eb lutemi p\u00ebr zemrat tona, vall\u00eb do jen\u00eb t\u00eb lehta… Lexo →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2808","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ese","category-komente"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2808","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2808"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2808\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2808"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}