{"id":7273,"date":"2021-05-03T00:31:29","date_gmt":"2021-05-02T23:31:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=7273"},"modified":"2024-04-09T09:01:11","modified_gmt":"2024-04-09T08:01:11","slug":"gersheret-gjenetike-vegel-per-rishkrimin-e-kodit-te-jetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/?p=7273","title":{"rendered":"G\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00ebt Gjenetike – Veg\u00ebl p\u00ebr Rishkrimin e “Kodit t\u00eb Jet\u00ebs”!"},"content":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – Ars Poetica, Maj 2021<\/em><\/p>\n

(dy heroina t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs gjenetike vitin e kaluar u nderuan me \u00e7mimin Nobel p\u00ebr shpikjen e “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebrve” – shpresohet q\u00eb ky sistem i sofistikuar “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00ebsh” t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr trajtimin e s\u00ebmundjeve gjenetike, e jo p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb di\u00e7 tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb frikshme<\/strong>…)<\/p>\n

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[ Dekad\u00eb “gjenetikisht” e bujshme<\/strong>… ]<\/p>\n

Dekada e fundit p\u00ebr shkencat gjenetike ishte nj\u00eb dekad\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e bujshme. Sa p\u00ebr pandemine, sa p\u00ebr COVID-19… s’duam as ta “p\u00ebrmendim”. Pa\u00e7ka se dhe COVID-19 hyn n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb “bujshm\u00ebri” dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb i “lidhur” me gjenetikat. Bie fjala, q\u00eb nga zhvillimi i veglave diagnostifikuese, pastaj me k\u00ebrkimet rreth zhvillimit t\u00eb vaksin\u00ebs, e natyrisht i lidhur \u00ebsht\u00eb dhe m\u00eb “thell\u00eb”. Jo sepse ky virus i sulmon qelizat, jo sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb infiltrant gjenetik, jo sepse “e paralizoi” gjith\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb e planetit dhe u mori jet\u00ebn milionave, por n\u00eb kuptimin… i lidhur q\u00ebkur shkencat gjenetike tanim\u00eb s’munden pa CRISPR-Cas9 (CRISPR – shkurtes\u00eb nga: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats – e q\u00eb do p\u00ebrkthehej p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht si: P\u00ebrs\u00ebritje t\u00eb Shkurtra t\u00eb Tuf\u00ebzuara Palindromike me Ndasi t\u00eb Rregullt). Ting\u00ebllon “shkenc\u00ebrisht”, e di…<\/p>\n

E p\u00ebrmend\u00ebm CRISPR-Cas9 sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7 fort e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7 e lidhur me “kodin e jet\u00ebs”. Ashtu me termat e shkenc\u00ebs v\u00ebrtet ting\u00ebllon gjaaat\u00eb dhe ngat\u00ebrruesh\u00ebm (madje dhe si shkurtes\u00eb), por n\u00eb fakt fjala \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb “veg\u00ebl” t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb (gjeniale), zbuluar para nj\u00eb dekade, di\u00e7 si g\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00eb gjenetike p\u00ebr prerjen e “kodit…”.<\/p>\n

Ndoshta “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00ebt” e shkenc\u00ebs na i kujtojn\u00eb vajzat mitologjike t\u00eb Niksit (Nat\u00ebs) dhe t\u00eb Erebusit (Err\u00ebsir\u00ebs), t\u00eb njohura si Moirada, trini-hyjnorja e fatit jet\u00ebsor, per\u00ebndeshat q\u00eb kujdeseshin p\u00ebr fijet metaforike t\u00eb Jet\u00ebs s\u00eb \u00e7do individi (q\u00eb nga thirravaji i par\u00eb i lindjes e deri n\u00eb grahm\u00ebn e fundit), mbase jo bukuroshet Lakezia as Klotoja por tekefundit Atropa, meq\u00eb ajo i mbante “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00ebt” – gjithsesi, peri i jet\u00ebs dhe kodi i jet\u00ebs s’jan\u00eb e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb : )<\/p>\n

[ N\u00eb rregull, por \u00e7’\u00ebsht\u00eb pra “kodi i jet\u00ebs”<\/strong>… ]<\/p>\n

Shkenca thot\u00eb se qenia e njeriut p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga triliona qeliza (ndoshta dhe kuadriljona… s’besoj t’i ket\u00eb num\u00ebruar kush), n\u00eb secil\u00ebn qeliz\u00eb e kemi materialin ton\u00eb gjenetik (ADN-n\u00eb), ky material gjenetik (ose ADN-ja ashtu si “varg\u00ebzim”) \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar nga blloqe t\u00eb quajtura “baza”, thuhet se ADN-ja p\u00ebrmban rreth gjasht\u00eb miliard\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre bazave (vendosur p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb struktur\u00ebs s\u00eb vargut n\u00eb nj\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb). Kjo mrekulli e “varg\u00ebzuar” \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo \u00e7far\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e quajn\u00eb “Kod i Jet\u00ebs”. Si em\u00ebr “Kod i Jet\u00ebs” \u00ebsht\u00eb simbolik\u00eb mjaft e q\u00eblluar, nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht simboliz\u00ebm po aq sa dhe nj\u00ebmend\u00ebsi, pa k\u00ebt\u00eb kod (edhe n\u00ebse t’mos kishte fare em\u00ebr) jeta s’do “funksiononte”, af\u00ebrmendsh : )<\/p>\n

[ Njeriu 24% “ngjashm\u00ebri” gjenetike… me rrushin<\/strong> ]<\/p>\n

Sipas infografik\u00ebs (ngjitur majtas – e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrpiluar enkas p\u00ebr nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit e National Geographic, duke u bazuar n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e European Bioinformatics Institute) t\u00eb gjitha speciet jan\u00eb unike, ama kuptohet mes vete si specie e kan\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje gjenesh t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta. Psh. shimpanzet\u00eb me 90% s’jan\u00eb dhe aq “larg” nga njeriu, dmth. nga gjenomi 100% humanoid. \u00c7far\u00eb nuk dija un\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb se minjt\u00eb me 88% qenkan m\u00eb “af\u00ebr” me njeriun sesa psh. kuajt (84% – kuajt dhe qent\u00eb qenkan baraz – se si m\u00eb b\u00ebhet t\u00eb kem pandehur q\u00eb k\u00ebto t\u00eb fundit i kemi m\u00eb t\u00eb “af\u00ebrta”, kurr\u00eb s’do thosha p\u00ebr minjt\u00eb, hm… e qart\u00eb, ngela duke m\u00ebsuar : ) Tutje natyrisht se pulat “largohen” gjenetikisht nga njeriu por prap\u00eb jo aq larg sa do kisha pandehur un\u00eb, grafika thot\u00eb se pulave u takon 65% kuriozitet… okidoki. Nd\u00ebrsa se i kemi 24% gjene t\u00eb “p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta” me rrushin as q\u00eb e kam lodhur kok\u00ebn ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb…<\/p>\n

Ok, qasja “gazmore” rreth infografik\u00ebs s\u00eb National Geographic ia vlen… var\u00ebsisht nga vendi e kuvendi, por le ta lidhim gjith\u00e7ka me shkenc\u00ebn serioze. Ve\u00e7 e tham\u00eb se dekada e fundit p\u00ebr shkencat gjenetike ishte fort e bujshme.<\/p>\n

[ “G\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00ebt” e mprehta t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb gjenetike<\/strong> ]<\/p>\n

Jemi n\u00eb v. 2021, s’\u00ebsht\u00eb dhe aq larg n\u00eb koh\u00eb (s’di sa muaj i bie t\u00eb ken\u00eb kaluar, ndoshta 6-7 muaj) nga ndarja e \u00c7mimit Nobel 2020 p\u00ebr Kimi, i cili iu dha bashk\u00ebrisht shkenc\u00ebtareve Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier (Max Planck – Shkencat Patogjenike, Berlin) dhe Dr. Jennifer A. Doudna (Universiteti i Kalifornis\u00eb, Berkeley, SHBA). Dy heroinat e shkenc\u00ebs gjenetike u nderuan me \u00e7mimin Nobel p\u00ebr 2020 me motivin e p\u00ebshkruar shkurt: “p\u00ebr zhvillimin e nj\u00eb metode p\u00ebr editimin e gjenomit”.<\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtarja franceze Charpentier dhe ajo amerikane Doudna e zhvilluan nj\u00eb sistem briliant shkencor me emrin CRISPR-Cas9. Ose m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb t\u00eb thuhet shpik\u00ebn nj\u00eb pal\u00eb “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00eb gjenetike”, veg\u00ebl p\u00ebr t’prer\u00eb “kodin e jet\u00ebs”, vargun e ADN-s\u00eb, kudo q\u00eb t’jet\u00eb nevoja, kudo mes miliarda bazave t\u00eb ADN. Di\u00e7 q\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb ishte proces i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb ose dhe i pamundur, tani p\u00ebr fush\u00ebn e biokimis\u00eb CRISPR-Cas9 \u00ebsht\u00eb kthyer n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm, n\u00eb laborator\u00ebt e biologjis\u00eb molekulare p\u00ebrdoret gjithandej.<\/p>\n

[ “G\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00eb” shkencore q\u00eb v\u00ebrtet e meritonin Nobelin<\/strong> ]<\/p>\n

Duke p\u00ebrdorur CRISPR-Cas9 shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt mund ta ndryshojn\u00eb ADN-n\u00eb e kafsh\u00ebve, t\u00eb bim\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb mikroorganizmave me sakt\u00ebsi jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb madhe. Pra veg\u00ebl q\u00eb ua mund\u00ebson atyre manipulimin e ADN-s\u00eb sipas d\u00ebshir\u00ebs, veg\u00ebl e zbuluar “papritur” por q\u00eb e ka revolucionarizuar shkenc\u00ebn. N\u00ebse ADN-ja t’ishte nj\u00eb rresht i gjat\u00eb me germa, tani shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt me leht\u00ebsi mund t’i editojn\u00eb germat, fjal\u00ebt, sekuencat… gjith\u00e7ka, sipas nevoj\u00ebs a d\u00ebshir\u00ebs. Nj\u00eb veg\u00ebl jasht\u00ebzakonisht e fuqishme dhe me potencial marramend\u00ebs t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit ose t\u00eb aplikimit. “G\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00eb gjenetike” nj\u00ebsoj si g\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00ebt e rrobaqep\u00ebsit, nj\u00ebsoj si brusha e piktorit e “kufizuar” vet\u00ebm nga imagjinata e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Nobelistet Charpentier dhe Doudna pra e kan\u00eb zbuluar nj\u00ebrin nga mjetet m\u00eb t\u00eb mprehta t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb gjenetike, me plotkuptimin e fjal\u00ebs vegla b\u00ebn t\u00eb quhet “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00eb gjenetike”. Brenda nj\u00eb dekade t\u00eb vetme kjo teknologji solli nj\u00eb ndikim revolucionar, qe zbuluar n\u00eb v. 2012 por dhe vet\u00ebm brenda k\u00ebtyre pak viteve p\u00ebrdorimi i “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebrve” n\u00eb shkencat gjenetike ka shp\u00ebrthyer. Imagjino sa do shfryt\u00ebzohet teknologjia tutje dhe sa do i ndihmoj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e s\u00eb sotmes dhe ata t\u00eb s\u00eb ardhmes. Me t\u00eb drejt\u00eb thuhet se kjo veg\u00ebl po i \u00e7on shkencat drejt nj\u00eb epoke t\u00eb re t\u00eb zhvillimit. Zbulim i papritur por i jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr nga r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia, “veg\u00ebl” shkencore q\u00eb v\u00ebrtet e meritonte Nobelin.<\/p>\n

[ “G\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00eb” t\u00eb rrezikshme, ana e err\u00ebt e CRISPR<\/strong>… ]<\/p>\n

Gjithsesi, fuqia e madhe e k\u00ebsaj teknologjie do t’thot\u00eb q\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt duhet ta p\u00ebrdorin me shum\u00eb kujdes. T\u00eb manipulosh me gjenomin e shimpanzes\u00eb duke pretenduar ta kthesh n\u00eb “njeri” ndoshta padashtas do kishim ndonj\u00eb “neo-frankeshtajn”, ose duke avancuar kodin e bretkoc\u00ebs t’na rezultonte papritmas ndonj\u00eb “kengur”, i tmerrsh\u00ebm si “alien i Giger-it n\u00eb filmat e Ridley Scott, etj etj ec e dije…<\/p>\n

“S’do mend se COVID-19 \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7 e frikshme. A mundet nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar i “\u00e7mendur” ta p\u00ebrdor\u00eb CRISPR p\u00ebr ta sjellur n\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb pandemi tjet\u00ebr?” – pyeste autori Neal Baer vitin e kaluar. “Shqet\u00ebsohem q\u00eb CRISPR mund ta b\u00ebj\u00eb COVID-19 t\u00eb duket si loj\u00eb e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve (krahasuar me ndonj\u00eb pandemi t\u00eb re). CRISPR \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet i ri gjenetik q\u00eb ua mund\u00ebson shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve p\u00ebr t’prer\u00eb nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb n\u00eb gjenomin e nj\u00eb organizmi dhe ta z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb at\u00eb me nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Shpresa \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ky sistem i sofistikuar “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00ebsh” do t’p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr trajtimin e s\u00ebmundjeve gjenetike… e jo p\u00ebr di\u00e7 tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb mendjeve t\u00eb err\u00ebta “shkencore”. Meq\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb dhe ana e err\u00ebt e CRISPR. Nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar i “\u00e7mendur” ose “biohacker” me njohuri bazike t\u00eb laboratorit mund t’blej\u00eb sekuenca t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb dhe, duke p\u00ebrdorur CRISPR, t’i manipuloj\u00eb ato p\u00ebr t’b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb virus edhe m\u00eb panik-nxit\u00ebs, edhe m\u00eb vdekjeprur\u00ebs…” – shkruante Baer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S. Guraziu – Ars Poetica, Maj 2021 (dy heroina t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs gjenetike vitin e kaluar u nderuan me \u00e7mimin Nobel p\u00ebr shpikjen e “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebrve” – shpresohet q\u00eb ky sistem i sofistikuar “g\u00ebrsh\u00ebr\u00ebsh” t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr trajtimin e s\u00ebmundjeve gjenetike, e… Lexo →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7273","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-komente"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7273","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7273"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7273\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7273"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7273"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/letrat.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}