Chinese Mythology – Digital Theogony (中国数字神谱)

The Divine Tapestry of a Civilization - Chinese Digital Theogony (中国数字神谱)
Chinese Digital Theogony is a comprehensive and interactive exploration of one of the world's oldest, most complex, and continuously evolving mythological systems. Rooted in more than three millennia of recorded history, Chinese mythology reflects a unique synthesis of ancient shamanistic traditions, Daoist cosmic philosophy, Confucian moral order, Buddhist spiritual compassion, and vibrant regional folk practices. Unlike the relatively unified pantheons of the West, China's divine landscape is layered - a harmonious yet intricate tapestry of gods, immortals, spirits, and cultural heroes who preside over heaven, earth, and the underworld. This digital sanctuary invites you to journey from the primordial chaos of Hundun (混沌) to the heavenly court of the Jade Emperor (玉皇大帝), from the compassionate gaze of Guanyin (观音) to the folk wisdom of Mazu (妈祖). Here, myth is not merely a story - it is a living framework of meaning that has shaped art, literature, governance, and everyday life across generations. We have structured this theogony to reflect both cosmological hierarchy and cultural significance, offering not only a taxonomy of deities but also a window into the soul of Chinese civilization. Whether you are a scholar, a student, or a seeker of wisdom, may this digital tree offer shade, fruit, and a deeper understanding of the divine order that has guided one of humanity's most enduring cultures.			Goddess Guanyin (观音) Goddess Guanyin (观音) - Represents: Compassion, mercy, love, protection of women and children, healing)
先天神灵 - Primordial & Cosmological Beings (the foundational entities and forces that existed before and during the formation of the cosmos in Chinese mythology, from the earliest formless chaos through the emergence of cosmic principles, to the highest divine sources of order, and finally to the beings shaping time and space itself)
先天神灵 represent the foundational forces of existence in Chinese cosmogony. These deities and concepts emerged before the structured universe, embodying the transition from formless chaos (Hundun) to ordered reality. This category includes Pángǔ (盘古), who separated heaven and earth; the supreme Three Pure Ones (三清) of Daoism; and the fundamental principles of Yīn-Yáng (阴阳). They symbolize the cosmic order, metaphysical balance, and the origin of all life, laying the groundwork for all subsequent mythological and philosophical systems in Chinese culture.	盘古 (Pángǔ) - Creator God who Separated Heaven and Earth 盘古 (Pángǔ) - The primordial creator god in Chinese mythology who emerged from the cosmic egg of chaos (Hundun). With his immense strength, he separated the heavens (Yang) from the earth (Yin) using a giant axe, holding them apart for 18,000 years until they stabilized. Upon his death, his body transformed into the natural world: his breath became wind and clouds, his voice thunder, his eyes the sun and moon, his limbs mountains, and his blood rivers. Pángǔ symbolizes sacrifice, creation, and the inseparable connection between the divine and the physical universe.	混沌 (Hùndùn) - Primordial Chaos - Formless Void 混沌 (Hùndùn) - The primordial state of the universe before creation, often depicted as a featureless, undifferentiated mass or a shapeless divine being. In myth, Hundun represents the infinite potential and disorder that existed before Pángǔ separated Yin and Yang to form the cosmos. Later Daoist texts personify Hundun as a well-meaning but naive emperor who lacked the seven sensory orifices, and was ultimately destroyed by well-intentioned attempts to "carve" order into him—a metaphor for the inevitable loss of primal unity through the imposition of structure and knowledge.
	阴阳 (Yīn Yáng) - Dual Cosmic Principles 阴阳 (Yīn Yáng) - The fundamental philosophical concept representing the interdependence and dynamic balance of opposite forces in the universe. Yin is associated with darkness, passivity, femininity, and earth; Yang with light, activity, masculinity, and heaven. Rather than being in opposition, they complement and give rise to each other, symbolized by the taijitu (太極圖) where each half contains a seed of the other. This duality governs all aspects of existence - from cosmic cycles and natural phenomena to health, ethics, and social harmony - forming the basis of Chinese cosmology, medicine, and Daoist thought.
	三清 (Sānqīng) - The Three Pure Ones (Daoist Supreme Trinity) The highest trinity of deities in Daoist theology, representing the pure manifestations of the Dao (the Way) and the foundational forces of the cosmos. They reside in the Three Pure Realms and embody the essence of creation, teachings, and divine law. Unlike many polytheistic pantheons, the Three Pure Ones are not personal gods in a human sense but transcendent, formless expressions of cosmic truth and spiritual hierarchy. They are revered in Daoist ritual, philosophy, and temple worship as the ultimate source of all existence and wisdom.	元始天尊 (Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn) - Celestial Worthy of the Primordial Beginning元始天尊 (Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn) - Celestial Worthy of the Primordial Beginning - The first and highest member of the Daoist Three Pure Ones (三清), Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn represents the primordial origin of all existence. He is often depicted seated on a lotus throne, holding the cosmic pearl of creation, and emanating divine light. It is said that he emerged before time and space, and from his breath, the sacred scriptures and cosmic order were formed. He resides in the Jade Pure realm and symbolizes the boundless, unmanifested potential of the Dao—the ultimate source from which all heavens, worlds, and beings arise. / 灵宝天尊 (Língbǎo Tiānzūn) - Celestial Worthy of the Numinous Treasure灵宝天尊 (Língbǎo Tiānzūn) - Celestial Worthy of the Numinous Treasure - The second member of the Daoist Three Pure Ones (三清), Língbǎo Tiānzūn represents the revelation of the Dao through sacred texts, wisdom, and divine law. He is the embodiment of cosmic teaching and spiritual nourishment, often depicted holding the Ruyi scepter or a sacred text, radiating luminous energy. He resides in the Upper Pure realm and is associated with the Lingbao scriptures, which structure cosmic order and provide guidance to both deities and devotees. As the divine communicator of truth, he bridges the infinite Dao and the tangible universe, making profound wisdom accessible to all seeking enlightenment. / 道德天尊 (Dàodé Tiānzūn) - Celestial Worthy of the Way and Its Virtue道德天尊 (Dàodé Tiānzūn) - Celestial Worthy of the Way and Its Virtue - The third member of the Daoist Three Pure Ones (三清), Dàodé Tiānzūn is the deified form of the philosopher Lǎozi (老子), author of the Dàodé Jīng (道德经). He represents the practical embodiment and dissemination of the Dao - teaching harmony, humility, and natural virtue. Often depicted as an elderly sage with a white beard, riding a water buffalo and holding a fan or scroll, he resides in the Great Pure realm. As the divine teacher of the Way, he guides both immortals and humans toward wisdom, moderation, and alignment with the cosmic order, making the profound truths of the Dao accessible through parable, poetry, and gentle instruction.
	混沌之神 (Hùndùn zhī Shén) - Gods of Chaos & Primordiality / Beings representing the formless, pre-creation state of the universe 混沌 (Hùndùn)混沌 (Hùndùn) - Primordial Chaos - The Formless Void – The undifferentiated state of the universe before creation, often depicted as a featureless mass or a divine being without sensory orifices. It represents infinite potential, disorder, and the unknowable origin of all existence. In myth, it symbolizes the cosmic unity that precedes duality and structure. / 盘古 (Pángǔ)盘古 (Pángǔ) - Creator Giant - Separator of Heaven and Earth – The primordial being who emerged from the cosmic egg of chaos (Hundun) and pushed apart the heavens and the earth with his immense strength. After his death, his body transformed into the natural world: his breath became wind, his voice thunder, and his limbs mountains, establishing the physical universe. 阴阳五行之神 (Yīnyáng Wǔxíng zhī Shén) - Gods of Yin-Yang & the Five Elements / Deities personifying the fundamental cosmic dualities and elemental forces 阴阳 (Yīnyáng)阴阳 (Yīnyáng) - Dual Cosmic Principles - Balance of Opposites – The fundamental philosophical concept representing the interdependence and dynamic equilibrium of opposite forces: Yin (dark, passive, feminine) and Yang (light, active, masculine). They govern all aspects of existence, from nature and the body to society and the cosmos, symbolizing harmony and cyclical change. / 五行神 (Wǔxíng Shén)五行神 (Wǔxíng Shén) - Gods of the Five Elements - Controllers of Cosmic Phases – Deities personifying the Five Elements (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water), which form the basis of Chinese cosmology, medicine, and divination. Each element governs specific qualities, directions, seasons, and aspects of life, maintaining cosmic and earthly balance through their generative and destructive cycles. 道之本源 (Dào zhī Běnyuán) - Sources of the Dao / The highest transcendent manifestations of the Dao itself 三清 (Sānqīng)三清 (Sānqīng) - The Three Pure Ones - Highest Daoist Trinity – The supreme triad of deities in Daoism, representing the pure manifestations of the Dao: Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn (Celestial Worthy of the Primordial Beginning), Lingbao Tiānzūn (Celestial Worthy of the Numinous Treasure), and Dàodé Tiānzūn (Celestial Worthy of the Way and Its Virtue). They embody creation, teaching, and divine law. / 太上老君 (Tàishàng Lǎojūn)太上老君 (Tàishàng Lǎojūn) - Lord Lao the Most High - Deified Form of Laozi – The divine embodiment of the philosopher Laozi, author of the Daodejing. He represents the wisdom and eternal truth of the Dao, often depicted as an elderly sage with a white beard, riding a green ox, and carrying a fan or scroll of sacred texts. 时空之神 (Shíkōng zhī Shén) - Gods of Time & Space / Beings governing the structure and flow of the cosmos 倏忽 (Shūhū)倏忽 (Shūhū) - Gods of Swiftness and Time - Allegorical Beings of Change – Mythological figures from Zhuangzi’s allegories, representing suddenness and the fleeting nature of time. They are often used to illustrate philosophical concepts of transformation, perception, and the relativity of experience within Daoist thought. / 宇宙之神 (Yǔzhòu zhī Shén)宇宙之神 (Yǔzhòu zhī Shén) - Gods of the Universe - Personifications of Cosmic Space and Eternity – Deities or conceptual beings representing the vastness, structure, and eternal nature of the cosmos. They symbolize the infinite scope of existence, the order of the heavens, and the mysterious totality of time and space in Chinese metaphysical tradition.
至高神 - Supreme Celestial Deities (the highest rulers and administrators of the cosmos in Chinese mythology and theology, the supreme deities from overarching rulers and primordial forces to specialized embodiments of wisdom and virtue)
至高神 represent the highest rulers of the cosmic order in Chinese mythology, presiding over the heavens with divine authority and moral governance. This tier is led by the Jade Emperor (玉皇大帝), the supreme administrator of the universe, alongside revered figures such as the Queen Mother of the West (西王母) and the deified sage Laozi as Lord Lao (太上老君). These deities embody principles of justice, order, and celestial harmony, serving as divine arbiters between heaven, earth, and humanity in both religious tradition and popular devotion.	玉皇大帝 (Yùhuáng Dàdì) - Jade Emperor, Ruler of Heaven The supreme deity of the Chinese folk religious and Daoist pantheon, often regarded as the celestial administrator and emperor of all realms. Unlike the transcendent Three Pure Ones, the Jade Emperor governs with authority over gods, spirits, and human affairs, embodying justice, order, and divine law. He is often depicted in imperial robes, seated on a throne, overseeing a heavenly bureaucracy mirroring earthly dynasties. According to myth, he earned his position through countless eons of cultivation and compassion. His birthday is celebrated on the ninth day of the Lunar New Year, and he plays a central role in festivals, morality tales, and temple worship across East Asia.	西王母 (Xīwángmǔ) - Queen Mother of the West The ancient and powerful goddess who reigns over immortality, healing, and divine feminine authority. Often depicted seated on a throne accompanied by her celestial attendants and mythical animals, she resides in the mystical Kunlun Mountains, where she guards the peaches of immortality that grant eternal life. Originally a fierce deity with tiger-like features in early texts, she later evolved into a graceful, motherly figure in Daoist tradition. She is a patron of women, a symbol of cosmic balance to the Jade Emperor's order, and a central figure in myths involving journeys to the west, divine blessings, and sacred marriage.
	太上老君 (Tàishàng Lǎojūn) - Deified Form of Laozi The divine manifestation of the ancient philosopher Laozi (老子), revered in Daoism as the embodiment of the Dao itself and the source of foundational teachings such as the Daodejing. He is often depicted as a wise elder with a white beard, riding a green ox and carrying a fan or a gourd containing elixirs of immortality. As a member of the highest Daoist pantheon and associated with alchemy, wisdom, and longevity, he serves as a patron of scribes, smiths, and seekers of enlightenment. His presence symbolizes the harmony between cosmic principle and humble, practical wisdom.	文昌帝君 (Wénchāng Dìjūn) - God of Culture and Literature The divine patron of scholars, writers, students, and examinations in Chinese mythology and Daoist tradition. Originally a historical figure known as Zhang Ya (张亚) or a constellation deity, he was later syncretized into a god who governs literary talent, academic success, and cultural refinement. He is often depicted dressed in imperial robes, holding a scepter or a scroll, and accompanied by his two attendants: Kuíxīng (魁星), who oversees examinations, and Lùxīng (禄星), who bestows rank and prosperity. Students and scholars pray to him for wisdom, clarity, and success in their studies, especially during imperial exams and modern academic pursuits.
	天帝与宇宙之主 (Tiāndì yǔ Yǔzhòu zhī Zhǔ) - Heavenly Emperors & Cosmic Rulers / The supreme sovereigns who govern the heavens, the earthly realm, and the cosmic order 玉皇大帝 (Yùhuáng Dàdì)玉皇大帝 (Yùhuáng Dàdì) - Jade Emperor - Supreme Ruler of Heaven and Earth – The highest deity in the celestial bureaucracy, governing all realms, gods, and mortal affairs. He embodies justice, order, and divine authority, presiding over the heavenly court and ensuring cosmic harmony through his wise and impartial rule. / 天皇大帝 (Tiānhuáng Dàdì)天皇大帝 (Tiānhuáng Dàdì) - Heavenly Emperor - Regulator of Celestial Bodies – A supreme deity associated with the North Star and the orderly movement of heavenly bodies. He represents cosmic stability, astral influence, and the divine structure of the universe, often invoked in rituals related to time and astronomy. / 后土皇地祇 (Hòutǔ Huáng Dìqí)后土皇地祇 (Hòutǔ Huáng Dìqí) - Queen of the Earth - Balanced Counterpart to the Jade Emperor – The divine goddess who governs the earth, fertility, and the underworld. She symbolizes nurturing, stability, and the sacredness of the natural world, balancing the heavenly authority of the Jade Emperor with her grounding energy. 先天尊神 (Xiāntiān Zūnshén) - Primordial Venerable Deities / Divine beings who emerged at the dawn of creation and embody fundamental cosmic principles 三清 (Sānqīng)三清 (Sānqīng) - The Three Pure Ones - Highest Manifestations of the Dao – The supreme triad of Daoist deities: Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn (Primordial Beginning), Lingbao Tiānzūn (Numinous Treasure), and Dàodé Tiānzūn (Way and Virtue). They represent the pure, formless essence of the Dao and the cosmic forces of creation, revelation, and enlightenment. / 斗姆元君 (Dǒumǔ Yuánjūn)斗姆元君 (Dǒumǔ Yuánjūn) - Mother of the Big Dipper - Goddess of Astral Destiny – The powerful deity who gave birth to the stars of the Big Dipper and governs fate, time, and celestial magic. She is revered in Daoism for her control over life, death, and cosmic cycles, often depicted with multiple arms holding celestial symbols. 至高女神 (Zhìgāo Nǚshén) - Supreme Goddesses / Female deities of immense power and cosmic influence 西王母 (Xīwángmǔ)西王母 (Xīwángmǔ) - Queen Mother of the West - Goddess of Immortality and Life – The ancient and powerful deity who rules over immortality, healing, and sacred feminine energy. She resides in the mythical Kunlun Mountains, guarding the peaches of eternal life and presiding over celestial maidens and divine rituals. / 女娲 (Nǚwā)女娲 (Nǚwā) - Creator of Humans - Mender of the Heavens – The primordial goddess who fashioned humanity from yellow clay and repaired the collapsing sky with five-colored stones. She represents creativity, compassion, and the enduring bond between the divine and the mortal world. 道与德之化身 (Dào yǔ Dé zhī Huàshēn) - Embodiments of the Dao and Virtue / Deities who personify cosmic truth, wisdom, and moral order 太上老君 (Tàishàng Lǎojūn)太上老君 (Tàishàng Lǎojūn) - Lord Lao the Most High - Embodiment of the Dao – The deified form of the philosopher Laozi, representing wisdom, simplicity, and the eternal truth of the Dao. He is a patron of alchemy, writing, and spiritual practice, often depicted as an elderly sage riding a green ox. / 文昌帝君 (Wénchāng Dìjūn)文昌帝君 (Wénchāng Dìjūn) - God of Culture and Examinations - Patron of Scholars – The divine overseer of literature, learning, and civil service exams. He grants wisdom, success in studies, and career advancement, and is revered by students, writers, and officials seeking intellectual and moral clarity.
自然神 - Gods of Nature & Elements (nature deities from atmospheric and earthly forces to agricultural, elemental, and celestial domains)
自然神 encompass the divine beings who personify and govern the natural world and its elemental forces in Chinese mythology. These deities include Lei Gong (雷神), the god of thunder; Dian Mu (电母), the goddess of lightning; Feng Bo (风伯), the master of wind; and Yu Shi (雨师), the commander of rain. Also among them are the various river and mountain gods, such as the deity of the Yellow River (河神). They reflect the ancient Chinese belief in a spiritually animated universe where nature is both revered and harmoniously balanced through ritual and respect.	气象之神 (Qìxiàng zhī Shén) – Gods of Weather Phenomena / Deities controlling atmospheric forces and celestial elements 雷公 (Léigōng) - God of Thunder雷公 (Léigōng) - God of Thunder – The powerful and fearsome deity who commands thunder, storms, and divine punishment in Chinese mythology. Often depicted as a muscular, red-faced figure with bat-like wings, a beak, and claws, wielding a hammer and chisel to strike thunderbolts, he serves as the enforcer of cosmic justice. Alongside his counterpart, Dian Mu (电母), the Goddess of Lightning, he punishes evildoers, breaks droughts, and purifies the world with the sound and power of his thunder. Unlike Thor's heroic might or Zeus’s kingly authority, Léigōng embodies a more moral and judicial form of power—righteous, unavoidable, and rooted in the balance of nature and morality. / 雨师 (Yǔshī) - God of Rain雨师 (Yǔshī) - God of Rain - The divine controller of rainfall and nourisher of the earth in Chinese mythology. Often depicted as a dignified figure holding a vase or basin from which he pours life-giving rain, Yǔshī works in harmony with other weather deities like Léigōng (雷公) and Fēngbó (风伯) to sustain crops, end droughts, and maintain cosmic balance. His actions are deeply tied to agricultural cycles and the well-being of humanity, embodying the Confucian ideal of benevolent governance through natural harmony. Rituals and prayers were often offered to him in times of drought or flooding, emphasizing his role as a vital link between heaven’s will and earthly survival. / 电母 (Diànmǔ) - Goddess of Lightning电母 (Diànmǔ) - Goddess of Lightning - The radiant and swift-moving deity who controls lightning in Chinese mythology. Often depicted as an elegant woman dressed in flowing robes, holding mirrors or luminous pearls that she uses to create flashes of lightning, she works alongside her counterpart Léigōng, the God of Thunder. While he brings the sound and force of thunder, she illuminates the sky with precise, piercing light - sometimes to reveal truth, sometimes to carry out divine punishment. She symbolizes clarity, sudden insight, and the illuminating power of heaven, ensuring that no evil remains hidden in darkness. / 风伯 (Fēngbó) - God of Wind风伯 (Fēngbó) - God of Wind - The divine master of the winds in Chinese mythology, often depicted as an elderly sage carrying a large bag from which he releases the winds upon the world. As a servant of the celestial bureaucracy, he works in harmony with other weather deities like Léigōng (雷公) and Yǔshī (雨师) to maintain natural order, bring seasonal rains, or enact divine will through storms and gusts. Unlike the more individualistic or chaotic wind gods of other traditions, Fēngbó represents controlled, purposeful power - directed by heaven for balance, purification, and sometimes punishment.	山川之神 (Shānchuān zhī Shén) - Gods of Mountains and Rivers / Divine beings governing terrestrial landscapes and waters 山神 (Shānshén)山神 (Shānshén) - God of the Mountain - Guardian of Peaks and Wilderness – A deity or spirit inhabiting and protecting a specific mountain. Hunters, travelers, and locals make offerings to him for safety, good weather, and bountiful resources from the highlands. / 河神 (Héshén)河神 (Héshén) - God of the River - Ruler of Waters and Flow – A divine spirit governing a river, controlling its floods, fertility, and navigation. He is both respected and feared, symbolizing the dual nature of water as life-giver and destroyer. / 土地公 (Tǔdì Gōng)土地公 (Tǔdì Gōng) - God of the Land - Local Guardian of Villages – A benevolent old man who protects communities, fields, and graves. He ensures good harvests, fertility, and safety within his domain, making him one of the most beloved and approachable deities.
	农业与丰饶之神 (Nóngyè yǔ Fēngráo zhī Shén) - Gods of Agriculture and Fertility / Deities ensuring growth, harvest, and earthly abundance 社神 (Shèshén)社神 (Shèshén) - God of Soil and Grain - Protector of Agriculture – A foundational deity overseeing the fertility of the land and the success of crops. He is central to rituals asking for abundant harvests and the stability of the community. / 谷神 (Gǔshén)谷神 (Gǔshén) - God of Grains - Guardian of Staple Crops – The divine patron of cereal grains like rice, millet, and wheat. He symbolizes sustenance, survival, and the agricultural wealth of a nation. / 花神 (Huāshén)花神 (Huāshén) - Goddess of Flowers - Patron of Blossoms and Beauty – She presides over the flowering plants, governing their growth, fragrance, and seasonal cycles. She is associated with beauty, romance, and the delicate yet powerful energy of nature.	元素之神 (Yuánsù zhī Shén) - Gods of Fundamental Elements / Personifications of core natural forces and materials 火神 (Huǒshén)火神 (Huǒshén) - God of Fire - Master of Flame and Transformation – A powerful deity controlling fire's creative and destructive power. He is invoked by metalworkers, cooks, and healers, and respected for his role in rituals and purification. / 水神 (Shuǐshén)水神 (Shuǐshén) - God of Water - Ruler of Rivers, Lakes, and Seas – The divine spirit governing all bodies of water, ensuring their flow, purity, and life-giving properties. He is prayed to for rain, safe travel, and prevention of floods. / 木神 (Mùshén)木神 (Mùshén) - God of Wood - Spirit of Growth and Forests – The deity representing trees, plants, and the energy of growth and flexibility. He is associated with spring, renewal, and the vital force of nature. / 土神 (Tǔshén)土神 (Tǔshén) - God of Earth - Foundation of Life and Stability – The spirit of the earth itself, providing grounding, fertility, and support for all living things. He symbolizes nourishment, patience, and the enduring strength of the land.
	星宿与天象之神 (Xīngxiù yǔ Tiānxiàng zhī Shén) - Gods of Celestial Bodies and Phenomena / Beings associated with stars, planets, and cosmic events 太阳星君 (Tàiyáng Xīngjūn)太阳星君 (Tàiyáng Xīngjūn) - Solar Deity - God of the Sun and Daylight – The divine personification of the sun, governing daylight, warmth, and the cycle of day and night. He is essential for life, growth, and the Yang energy of the universe. / 太阴星君 (Tàiyīn Xīngjūn)太阴星君 (Tàiyīn Xīngjūn) - Lunar Deity - Goddess of the Moon and Night – The celestial goddess controlling the moon, tides, and Yin energy. She influences intuition, reflection, and the subtle rhythms of nature and human emotion. / 星君 (Xīngjūn)星君 (Xīngjūn) - Star Officials - Deities of Constellations and Celestial Bodies – Divine beings governing stars, planets, and asterisms. They influence human destiny, time, and cosmic balance, and are revered in astrology and astronomy.
	河神 (Héshén) - River Gods (e.g., 黄河之神 Huáng Hé zhī Shén) Divine spirits governing rivers, waters, and the life that flows within them in Chinese mythology. Often depicted as dignified elders or dragon-kings, they control flooding, ensure fertile lands, and grant safe passage to travelers. Among the most revered is the god of the Yellow River (黄河之神), who historically received imperial sacrifices to prevent disasters and sustain agricultural prosperity. These deities symbolize both the nourishing and destructive power of water, reflecting the deep respect ancient Chinese culture held for natural forces. Veneration of river gods remains part of local folk religion, where they are honored for their role in community survival and harmony with nature.	河神 (Héshén) - River Gods 黄河之神 (Huáng Hé zhī Shén)黄河之神 (Huáng Hé zhī Shén) - God of the Yellow River – The most revered and powerful river deity in Chinese mythology, also known as Hébó. He controls the flooding and fertility of the Yellow River, the "Mother River" of Chinese civilization. Ancient emperors offered sacrifices to him to prevent disasters and ensure agricultural abundance. He is often depicted as a dignified elder or a dragon-king, symbolizing both the nurturing and destructive power of nature. / 长江之神 (Cháng Jiāng zhī Shén)长江之神 (Cháng Jiāng zhī Shén) - God of the Yangtze River – The divine ruler of the longest river in Asia, revered for controlling the waters that support trade, transport, and farming along its basin. Often depicted as a dragon-king or a noble figure, he is worshipped for safe passage, seasonal rains, and protection from floods. His influence spans myth, poetry, and regional folk religion. / 淮水之神 (Huái Shuǐ zhī Shén)淮水之神 (Huái Shuǐ zhī Shén) - God of the Huai River – A major river god in central China, historically propitiated to manage the Huai River’s unpredictable floods and droughts. Rituals and temples were dedicated to him to seek balance between human needs and natural forces, reflecting his role in both mythology and practical lifeways. / 济水之神 (Jì Shuǐ zhī Shén)济水之神 (Jì Shuǐ zhī Shén) - God of the Ji River – One of the Four Great Rivers (四渎) of ancient China, the Ji River was believed to have divine status despite its eventual disappearance. Its god was worshipped for purity and resilience, often depicted as a steadfast guardian of forgotten waters. / 洛神 (Luòshén)洛神 (Luòshén) - Goddess of the Luo River – A graceful and melancholic goddess immortalized in the poem "Luoshen Fu" by Cao Zhi. She symbolizes beauty, longing, and poetic inspiration, often depicted hovering over the water with flowing robes—a divine muse of artists and lovers. / 湘夫人 (Xiāng Fūrén)湘夫人 (Xiāng Fūrén) - Goddess of the Xiang River – A sorrowful goddess of the Xiang River in Hunan, often identified with the daughters of the mythical Emperor Shun who wept tears that stained bamboo. She represents love, loss, and the deep connection between nature and human emotion. / 渭水之神 (Wèi Shuǐ zhī Shén)渭水之神 (Wèi Shuǐ zhī Shén) - God of the Wei River – A tributary god of the Yellow River, closely tied to the foundation of the Zhou Dynasty. He is worshipped for stability and nourishment, embodying the historical and cultural significance of the Wei River valley. / 漳河之神 (Zhāng Hé zhī Shén)漳河之神 (Zhāng Hé zhī Shén) - God of the Zhang River – A regional river deity in northern China, revered for controlling floods and supporting local agriculture. Folk rituals honor him to maintain harmony between the community and the water that sustains it. / 钱塘江神 (Qiántáng Jiāng Shén)钱塘江神 (Qiántáng Jiāng Shén) - God of the Qiantang River – Known for governing the famous tidal bore of the Qiantang River, this god (often linked to the wrath of Wu Zixu) is both feared and respected. He symbolizes uncontrollable natural power and the need for reverence. / 河伯 (Hébó)河伯 (Hébó) - God of the Yellow River – Another name for the Yellow River deity, depicted in early myths as a powerful and sometimes temperamental figure. He appears in classics like "Chuci" and "Zhuangzi," representing both the generosity and danger of ancient China’s great rivers. / 宓妃 (Fúfēi)宓妃 (Fúfēi) - Goddess of the Luo River – Often identified as the same deity as Luòshén, she is a graceful river spirit symbolizing elegance and divine femininity. She is a muse to poets and a beacon of tranquility in water. / 无支祁 (Wúzhīqí)无支祁 (Wúzhīqí) - River Demon of the Huai River – A fearsome monkey-like water demon who caused floods in the Huai River until subdued by Yu the Great. He represents chaos controlled by order, and is sometimes venerated as a tamed guardian spirit. / 洞庭君 (Dòngtíng Jūn)洞庭君 (Dòngtíng Jūn) - Lord of Dongting Lake – The divine ruler of Dongting Lake, often depicted as a dragon-king in folk tales and Tang stories. He governs the lake’s ecology and aids righteous humans, blending myth with moral allegory. / 泾河龙王 (Jīng Hé Lóngwáng)泾河龙王 (Jīng Hé Lóngwáng) - Dragon King of the Jing River – A dragon king from "Journey to the West" who defies heaven’s decree and is executed by the mortal official Wei Zheng. His story illustrates themes of fate, pride, and divine justice. / 黄河龙王 (Huáng Hé Lóngwáng)黄河龙王 (Huáng Hé Lóngwáng) - Dragon King of the Yellow River – The dragon-king form of the Yellow River god, ruling over the river with a mix of grandeur and temper. He is prayed to for rain, safe travel, and flood control in later folk tradition. / 长江龙王 (Cháng Jiāng Lóngwáng)长江龙王 (Cháng Jiāng Lóngwáng) - Dragon King of the Yangtze River – The dragon-king embodiment of the Yangtze River, controlling its currents, rains, and fortune. He is central to river communities’ rituals and nautical traditions. / 珠江龙王 (Zhū Jiāng Lóngwáng)珠江龙王 (Zhū Jiāng Lóngwáng) - Dragon King of the Pearl River – The dragon deity of the Pearl River in southern China, worshipped for maritime safety, seasonal rains, and fertility. He reflects the regional diversity of water spirits in Chinese folk belief.
	山神 (Shānshén) - Mountain Gods (e.g., 泰山神 Tàishān Shén) Divine guardians and rulers of individual mountains or mountain ranges in Chinese mythology and folk religion. These powerful spirits protect the land, its resources, and the people living nearby, and are often depicted as wise elders, fierce warriors, or even in animal form like tigers or dragons. Among the most revered are the gods of the Five Great Mountains (五岳), each associated with a direction and element, such as Tàishān (泰山) in the east, sacred to renewal and imperial authority. Mountain gods receive offerings for safety, good harvests, and blessings, embodying the spiritual significance of high places as bridges between heaven and earth.	山神 (Shānshén) - Mountain Gods 泰山神 (Tài Shān Shén)泰山神 (Tài Shān Shén) - God of Mount Tai (Eastern Peak) – Also known as 东岳大帝 (Dōngyuè Dàdì), he is the most revered mountain god in China, governing life, death, and the underworld. Historically, emperors made pilgrimages and offered sacrifices to him to legitimize their rule and ensure cosmic order. He symbolizes authority, judgment, and the connection between heaven and earth. / 华山神 (Huà Shān Shén)华山神 (Huà Shān Shén) - God of Mount Hua (Western Peak) – Associated with the metal element and autumn, this deity embodies divine justice and protection. He is often petitioned for courage and righteousness. Mount Hua is known for its steep trails and spiritual significance in both Daoist and folk traditions. / 衡山神 (Héng Shān Shén)衡山神 (Héng Shān Shén) - God of Mount Heng (Southern Peak) – Governs the fire element and summer, and is revered as a god of wisdom and literature. Scholars and students often pray to him for success and clarity. The mountain is a center of religious learning and natural beauty. / 恒山神 (Héng Shān Shén)恒山神 (Héng Shān Shén) - God of Mount Heng (Northern Peak) – Rules the water element and winter, and serves as a protector of northern borders and military affairs. He is called upon for strength and resilience in times of conflict or hardship. / 嵩山神 (Sōng Shān Shén)嵩山神 (Sōng Shān Shén) - God of Mount Song (Central Peak) – Associated with the earth element and imperial stability, this god is a patron of emperors and central authority. Mount Song is home to the Shaolin Temple and is deeply tied to Chinese martial and spiritual history. / 昆仑山神 (Kūnlún Shān Shén)昆仑山神 (Kūnlún Shān Shén) - God of Kunlun Mountain – The mythical axis of the world and home to gods and immortals, including the Queen Mother of the West (西王母). This mountain symbolizes cosmic order, immortality, and divine mystery in Chinese mythology. / 峨眉山神 (Éméi Shān Shén)峨眉山神 (Éméi Shān Shén) - God of Mount Emei – A sacred Buddhist mountain guarded by Samantabhadra Bodhisattva (普贤菩萨). It is a place of pilgrimage, meditation, and divine manifestation, representing compassion and enlightenment. / 庐山神 (Lú Shān Shén)庐山神 (Lú Shān Shén) - God of Mount Lu – A mountain of poets and painters, known for its misty peaks and waterfalls. It embodies artistic inspiration, tranquility, and the harmony between nature and the human spirit. / 黄山神 (Huáng Shān Shén)黄山神 (Huáng Shān Shén) - God of Mount Huang – Famous for its dramatic scenery - pine trees, granite peaks, and sea of clouds. This deity represents sublime beauty, resilience, and the artistic soul of nature. / 武当山神 (Wǔdāng Shān Shén)武当山神 (Wǔdāng Shān Shén) - God of Mount Wudang – A central sacred site in Daoism, linked to Zhenwu Dadi (真武大帝) and martial arts. It symbolizes discipline, spiritual cultivation, and the pursuit of immortality. / 长白山神 (Chángbái Shān Shén)长白山神 (Chángbái Shān Shén) - God of Changbai Mountain – A sacred mountain in Manchuria, believed to be the origin of the Qing dynasty. It represents ancestral power, purity, and the unity between human and natural realms. / 终南山神 (Zhōngnán Shān Shén)终南山神 (Zhōngnán Shān Shén) - God of Zhongnan Mountain – A historic retreat for hermits, poets, and Daoists. This deity embodies solitude, wisdom, and the pursuit of a simple, enlightened life close to nature. / 青城山神 (Qīngchéng Shān Shén)青城山神 (Qīngchéng Shān Shén) - God of Mount Qingcheng – One of the birthplaces of Daoism, closely associated with Zhang Daoling (张道陵). It represents spiritual purity, healing, and the harmony of yin and yang. / 祁连山神 (Qílián Shān Shén)祁连山神 (Qílián Shān Shén) - God of Qilian Mountain – Protector of the Hexi Corridor and the Silk Road. This god symbolizes endurance, guidance, and the blending of cultures along ancient trade routes. / 梅里雪山神 (Měilǐ Xuěshān Shén)梅里雪山神 (Měilǐ Xuěshān Shén) - God of Meili Snow Mountain – A sacred Tibetan mountain in Yunnan, revered in Bön and Buddhist traditions. It embodies awe, reverence, and the spiritual presence of nature's grandeur. / 山鬼 (Shān Guǐ)山鬼 (Shān Guǐ) - Mountain Spirit / Demon – Often depicted as a beautiful, lonely female spirit roaming wild mountains. She represents untamed nature, mystery, and the melancholy of isolation, as immortalized in the poem "Jiuge". / 石敢当 (Shígǎndāng)石敢当 (Shígǎndāng) - Spirit Stone Guardian – A protective stone tablet inscribed with blessings, often placed against walls, roads, or bridges to ward off evil spirits and misfortune. It symbolizes spiritual security and folk wisdom. / 山精 (Shān Jīng)山精 (Shān Jīng) - Mountain Essence / Goblin – Mischievous or benevolent spirits dwelling in remote mountains and forests. They represent the wild, unseen forces of nature - sometimes helpful, sometimes tricksters—to those who respect or disturb their domain.
文化英雄与半神 (Wénhuà Yīngxióng yǔ Bànshén) – Cultural Heroes & Sage Kings (figures who bridge myth and history, mytho-historical rulers who laid the foundations of civilization, from major sovereigns to lesser-known figures and demigods)
文化英雄 are the revered sage-kings and mythical figures credited with establishing the foundations of Chinese civilization, culture, and moral order. These include Fuxi (伏羲), who invented writing, fishing, and marriage; Shennong (神农), the Divine Farmer who introduced agriculture and medicine; Huangdi (黄帝), the Yellow Emperor, cultural ancestor and unifier of early tribes; and Nüwa (女娲), creator of humanity and mender of the heavens. They symbolize wisdom, innovation, and virtuous leadership, embodying the ideal harmony between humanity, nature, and heaven in ancient Chinese thought.	女娲 (Nǚwā) - Creator of Humans - Mender of the Sky The primordial mother goddess and one of the most revered figures in Chinese mythology. She is credited with creating humanity by sculpting figures from yellow clay, giving them life and intelligence. When the pillars of heaven were damaged, causing catastrophic floods and fires, she mended the sky using five-colored stones and supported the heavens with the legs of a giant turtle. She established the cosmic order, invented marriage, and taught humans essential skills. She symbolizes creativity, compassion, and the unwavering resolve to protect and nurture life.	伏羲 (Fúxī) - Creator of Fishing, Trapping, and Writing The mythical cultural hero and brother-husband of Nüwa, credited with bringing civilization to humanity. He invented fishing nets, animal trapping, and the Eight Trigrams (Bagua), which form the basis of the I Ching (Book of Changes) and Chinese writing. He is also associated with the establishment of marriage rituals, social structure, and the calendar. Often depicted with a serpent's tail, symbolizing his connection to ancient primal forces, Fuxi represents wisdom, innovation, and the transition from primal existence to ordered society.
	神农 (Shénnóng) - Divine Farmer - God of Medicine and Agriculture The legendary ruler and cultural hero credited with inventing agriculture, teaching humans the use of the plow, and identifying hundreds of medicinal herbs by personally tasting them. His name means "Divine Farmer," and he is depicted with horns and a stern expression, often holding grains or herbs. He is said to have a transparent body that allowed him to observe the effects of plants internally. Shennong symbolizes diligence, empirical knowledge, and the benevolent application of nature's gifts for healing and sustenance, forming a foundation of Chinese herbal medicine and farming traditions.	黄帝 (Huángdì) - Yellow Emperor - Cultural Ancestor The mythical sovereign and cultural hero regarded as the ancestor of all Chinese civilization. He is credited with inventing Chinese characters, silk production, medicine, the calendar, and music, and is a central figure in Daoism and traditional Chinese culture. He defeated his rivals in battle, unified the tribes of the Yellow River valley, and established the foundations of statecraft and moral governance. Often depicted riding a dragon, he symbolizes wisdom, leadership, and innovation. His reign is considered a golden age of harmony between humanity and the cosmos.
	三皇五帝 (Sān Huáng Wǔ Dì) - The Three Sovereigns & Five Emperors / (Mytho-historical rulers who laid the foundations of civilization) 女娲 (Nǚwā)女娲 (Nǚwā) - Creator of Humans, Mender of the Sky – The primordial mother goddess who fashioned humanity from yellow clay, giving them life and society. When the pillars of heaven collapsed, she mended the sky with five-colored stones, saving the world from chaos. She established marriage, invented the reed flute, and symbolizes creativity, compassion, and cosmic order. / 伏羲 (Fúxī)伏羲 (Fúxī) - Creator of Fishing, Trapping, and Writing – The cultural hero and brother-husband of Nüwa who taught humans to hunt with nets, fish, and domesticate animals. He invented the Eight Trigrams (Bagua), laying the foundation for Chinese writing, divination, and philosophy. He represents wisdom, innovation, and the transition from primal existence to civilization. / 神农 (Shénnóng)神农 (Shénnóng) - Divine Farmer, God of Medicine and Agriculture – The mythical ruler who introduced farming, the plow, and crop cultivation. He tasted hundreds of herbs to discover their medicinal properties, often depicted with a transparent body to show the effects of plants. He symbolizes healing, empirical knowledge, and the benevolent use of nature. / 黄帝 (Huángdì)黄帝 (Huángdì) - Yellow Emperor, Cultural Ancestor – The legendary sovereign who unified the tribes of the Yellow River valley, invented silk production, writing, and traditional medicine. He is considered the ancestor of all Han Chinese and a symbol of wise leadership, innovation, and cultural foundation. / 颛顼 (Zhuānxū)颛顼 (Zhuānxū) - Reformer of the Calendar and Social Order – Grandson of the Yellow Emperor, he reformed the calendar, standardized rituals, and separated the realms of gods and humans to maintain cosmic harmony. He represents order, discipline, and cultural refinement. / 帝喾 (Dì Kù)帝喾 (Dì Kù) - Benevolent Patriarch and Astronomer – Great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, known for his virtue, wisdom, and contributions to astronomy and agriculture. He fathered many legendary figures and symbolizes righteous rule and paternal care. / 尧 (Yáo)尧 (Yáo) - Virtuous King Who Abdicated for Merit – Renowned for his humility and wisdom, he chose the commoner Shun as his successor based on merit rather than lineage, setting a model of ideal leadership and selflessness. / 舜 (Shùn)舜 (Shùn) - Exemplar of Filial Piety and Moral Rule – Despite a cruel family, he remained filial and virtuous, eventually becoming emperor. His reign is celebrated for justice, compassion, and the harmonious integration of diverse peoples.	夏商周始祖 (Xià Shāng Zhōu Shǐzǔ) - Founders of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties / Semi-legendary figures who established early dynasties. 大禹 (Dà Yǔ)大禹 (Dà Yǔ) - Tamer of the Great Flood - Founder of the Xia Dynasty – The heroic engineer and ruler who controlled the catastrophic Great Flood by dredging rivers and building canals instead of simply blocking the waters. His perseverance and selflessness-working for years without returning home-made him a model of dedication. He founded China’s first dynasty, the Xia, and established the principle of merit-based succession. / 契 (Qì)契 (Qì) - Minister of Shun - Ancestor of the Shang Dynasty – A legendary culture hero who assisted Emperor Shun as Minister of Education, teaching morality, social harmony, and writing. He is revered as the mythical ancestor of the Shang dynasty and is credited with advancing early Chinese civilization through governance and cultural instruction. / 后稷 (Hòu Jì)后稷 (Hòu Jì) - God of Millet and Agriculture - Ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty – The divine agricultural master who taught humans to cultivate millet, sow crops, and store grain. Abandoned at birth but protected by animals and spirits, he became a symbol of resilience and nourishment. He is the legendary progenitor of the Zhou dynasty, embodying the virtue of feeding the people.
	神话英雄与发明家 (Shénhuà Yīngxióng yǔ Fāmíngjiā) – Mythological Heroes & Inventors / Figures credited with specific cultural or technological innovations 仓颉 (Cāngjié)仓颉 (Cāngjié) - Four-Eyed Inventor of Chinese Characters – The legendary minister of the Yellow Emperor who created Chinese writing by observing animal tracks, celestial patterns, and natural forms. His invention was said to cause ghosts to weep and grain to fall from the sky, symbolizing the profound power of written language to reveal truth and transform civilization. / 嫘祖 (Léizǔ)嫘祖 (Léizǔ) - Inventor of Silk Sericulture - Wife of the Yellow Emperor – The divine consort of Huangdi who discovered silk production by carefully unraveling cocoons of silkworms. She taught people how to breed silkworms, weave silk fabric, and establish the silk industry, greatly advancing Chinese culture, trade, and aesthetics. / 有巢氏 (Yǒucháoshì)有巢氏 (Yǒucháoshì) - The Nest Builder - Inventor of Dwellings – A cultural hero who taught humans to construct wooden nests in trees to protect themselves from wild animals and the elements. His innovations in shelter laid the foundation for architecture, safety, and settled communities in early society. / 燧人氏 (Suìrénshì)燧人氏 (Suìrénshì) - The Fire Maker - Introducer of Fire for Cooking – The legendary figure who discovered how to drill wood to create fire, allowing humans to cook food, stay warm, and ward off predators. His contribution marked the transition from raw to cooked food, improving nutrition and social cohesion.	半神与部族祖先 (Bànshén yǔ Bùzú Zǔxiān) - Demigods & Tribal Ancestors / Divine or semi-divine progenitors of clans and ethnic groups 盘瓠 (Pánhù)盘瓠 (Pánhù) - Divine Dog-Husband - Ancestor of Southern Tribes – A mythical divine dog who married a princess after helping a king defeat his enemies. Their offspring became the ancestors of several southern ethnic groups, such as the Yao and She peoples. He symbolizes loyalty, divine intervention, and the blending of human and mythical origins in tribal foundation stories. / 夸父 (Kuāfù)夸父 (Kuāfù) - Giant Who Chased the Sun - Symbol of Perseverance – A mighty giant who sought to capture the sun to alleviate the people’s suffering from drought. He died of exhaustion and thirst during his pursuit, and his body transformed into a mountain range and his staff into a peach forest. He embodies determination, sacrifice, and the heroic struggle against impossible odds. / 精卫 (Jīngwèi)精卫 (Jīngwèi) - Daughter of Yandi - Avenging Bird Spirit – The daughter of the Flame Emperor (Yandi) who drowned in the Eastern Sea. She transformed into a bird, vowing to fill the sea with pebbles and twigs to prevent future tragedies. She represents unwavering resolve, grief, and the courage to challenge vast forces of nature.
	忠臣与道德典范 (Zhōngchén yǔ Dàodé Diǎnfàn) - Paragons of Virtue & Loyalty / Historical or semi-mythical models of Confucian virtues 比干 (Bǐ Gān)比干 (Bǐ Gān) - Loyal Minister of Shang - Symbol of Integrity – A virtuous official and uncle of the tyrannical King Zhou of Shang. He was known for his unwavering loyalty and courage in criticizing the king's corruption. According to legend, the king ordered his heart to be cut out to see if a true sage's heart had seven openings. His death made him an immortal symbol of self-sacrifice, honesty, and moral courage in Chinese culture. / 关羽 (Guān Yǔ)关羽 (Guān Yǔ) - Deified General of Loyalty and Righteousness – A historical general from the Three Kingdoms period later deified as the god of war, loyalty, and righteousness. He is revered in Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist traditions and is a central figure in Chinese folk religion. His image is found in temples, homes, and businesses as a symbol of honor, brotherhood, and protection against evil. / 伯夷叔齐 (Bóyí Shūqí)伯夷叔齐 (Bóyí Shūqí) - Brothers Who Chose Starvation Over Corruption – Noble brothers who renounced their throne and chose to live in exile rather than serve a corrupt ruler. They eventually starved to death in the wilderness, becoming enduring symbols of righteousness, moral purity, and resistance against unjust authority in Confucian philosophy and classical literature.	文化推广者与仙人 (Wénhuà Tuīguǎngzhě yǔ Xiānrén) - Cultural Promoters & Immortals / Figures who spread knowledge or achieved transcendence 老子 (Lǎozi)老子 (Lǎozi) - Philosopher and Founder of Daoism - Author of the Daodejing – A sage and historian of the Zhou Dynasty who authored the Daodejing, the foundational text of Daoism. He later became deified as Taishang Laojun, the highest god in religious Daoism. He represents wisdom, simplicity, harmony with the Dao (the Way), and the pursuit of spiritual immortality. / 鲁班 (Lǔ Bān)鲁班 (Lǔ Bān) - Divine Carpenter and Inventor of Tools – A legendary master craftsman and engineer from the Spring and Autumn period. He is credited with inventing numerous tools, mechanical devices, and construction techniques, including the cloud ladder and saw. Revered as the patron of builders, carpenters, and engineers, he symbolizes ingenuity, precision, and innovation. / 麻姑 (Má Gū)麻姑 (Má Gū) - Immortal Maiden and Symbol of Longevity – A beautiful immortal who symbolizes long life and eternal youth. She is often depicted holding a peach of immortality or a basket of divine mushrooms. According to legend, she witnessed the sea turn into farmland three times, illustrating her ageless nature. She is a popular figure in art and folklore, especially during birthdays celebrations.
星宿与天神 - Astral & Celestial Deities (from individual planetary bodies to constellations, atmospheric phenomena, and broader cosmic principles)
星宿与天神 are the divine beings associated with celestial bodies, astronomical phenomena, and the cosmic order in Chinese mythology. This category includes Taiyang Xingjun (太阳星君), the Solar Deity; Taiyin Xingjun (太阴星君), the Lunar Deity; Chang'e (嫦娥), the Moon Goddess of immortality; and the stellar gods of the Big Dipper (北斗七星), who influence human destiny and time. These deities reflect the deep connection between heavenly movements and earthly life in Chinese culture, blending astronomy, astrology, and spiritual belief into a unified cosmic system.	太阳星君 (Tàiyáng Xīngjūn) - Solar Deity 太阳星君 (Tàiyáng Xīngjūn) is the Solar Deity in Chinese mythology, often depicted as a noble figure riding a chariot driven by a three-legged crow, symbolizing the sun’s journey across the sky. As the personification of the sun, he governs daylight, warmth, growth, and cosmic order, and is essential to agricultural and seasonal cycles. In Daoist tradition, he is part of the celestial bureaucracy, overseeing time and natural harmony. Worship of the Solar Deity dates back to ancient imperial rituals, where emperors offered sacrifices to ensure balance and prosperity. He represents vitality, clarity, and the yang principle, complementing the lunar deity Taiyin Xingjun.	嫦娥 (Cháng'é) - Moon Goddess 嫦娥 (Cháng'é) is the beloved and tragic Moon Goddess of Chinese mythology, often depicted as a graceful and lonely figure residing in the Moon Palace (月宫). According to legend, she consumed the elixir of immortality to prevent it from falling into wrong hands, which caused her to float away to the moon, forever separated from her husband, the archer Hòu Yì. She is accompanied by a jade rabbit (玉兔) who tirelessly pounds the elixir of life. Chang'e symbolizes solitude, sacrifice, and eternal beauty, and she is central to the Mid-Autumn Festival (中秋节), where offerings of mooncakes are made in her honor. Her story reflects themes of love, loss, and the price of immortality.
	太阴星君 (Tàiyīn Xīngjūn) - Lunar Deity 太阴星君 (Tàiyīn Xīngjūn) is the Lunar Deity in Chinese mythology, traditionally depicted as a graceful and serene figure often associated with purity, wisdom, and the gentle illumination of the night. She governs the moon, tides, and Yin energy - complementing the solar deity’s Yang essence - and influences fertility, intuition, and emotional balance. In Daoist belief, she is part of the celestial administration and is sometimes identified with Chang’e, though Tàiyīn Xīngjūn holds a more formal and cosmic role. Revered in seasonal and lunar rituals, she symbolizes reflection, healing, and the subtle power of darkness. Her worship emphasizes harmony between humanity and the natural rhythms of the cosmos.	北斗七星 (Běidǒu Qīxīng) - Gods of the Big Dipper 北斗七星 (Běidǒu Qīxīng), known in the West as the Big Dipper, are not merely a constellation in Chinese mythology but a group of seven stellar deities who play a profound role in cosmology, destiny, and time. Each star is personified as a distinct god, often associated with the seven visible stars of Ursa Major. They are believed to hold sway over life, death, and fortune, and are closely linked to the Jade Emperor in the celestial bureaucracy. In Daoist tradition, they are worshipped as controllers of the seasons, guides for the soul after death, and bestowers of longevity and protection. Rituals and prayers are directed to them for divination, healing, and ensuring a harmonious fate, making them some of the most influential astral beings in Chinese spiritual practice.
	恒星与行星之神 (Héngxīng yǔ Xíngxīng zhī Shén) - Stellar & Planetary Deities / Deities associated with major stars and planets 太阳星君 (Tàiyáng Xīngjūn)太阳星君 (Tàiyáng Xīngjūn) - Solar Deity – The divine personification of the sun, often depicted riding a chariot pulled by a three-legged crow. He governs daylight, warmth, growth, and the Yang principle, and is essential to agricultural and seasonal cycles. In Daoist belief, he is a high-ranking celestial official responsible for maintaining cosmic order and time. / 太阴星君 (Tàiyīn Xīngjūn)太阴星君 (Tàiyīn Xīngjūn) - Lunar Deity – The goddess who embodies the moon, controlling the tides, night, and Yin energy. She influences fertility, intuition, and emotional balance, and is often associated with purity and reflection. She plays a key role in lunar rituals and festivals and complements the Solar Deity in maintaining cosmic harmony. / 太白金星 (Tàibái Jīnxīng)太白金星 (Tàibái Jīnxīng) - Venus Deity - God of the White Planet – The benevolent god associated with the planet Venus, often depicted as a wise old man with a white beard. He serves as a messenger and advisor to the Jade Emperor and is a bringer of peace, mediation, and good fortune. He frequently appears in myths to resolve conflicts among gods and mortals. / 岁星 (Suìxīng)岁星 (Suìxīng) - Jupiter Deity - God of the Year Star – The god representing the planet Jupiter, which is associated with the annual cycle and agricultural abundance. He influences harvests, longevity, and cosmic balance. In ancient times, his movement through the sky was used to mark years and predict fortunes. / 辰星 (Chénxīng)辰星 (Chénxīng) - Mercury Deity - God of the Hour Star – The deity linked to the planet Mercury, governing communication, intelligence, and swift change. He is associated with scholars, merchants, and quick decision-making. His influence is seen in matters requiring adaptability and mental clarity. / 荧惑 (Yínghuò)荧惑 (Yínghuò) - Mars Deity - God of the Blazing Planet – The god personifying the planet Mars, often associated with fire, war, and conflict. He is seen as an omen of disaster, rebellion, and celestial unrest. Rituals were performed to appease him and avoid calamity during his astrologically significant movements. / 镇星 (Zhènxīng)镇星 (Zhènxīng) - Saturn Deity - God of the Guardian Star – The deity representing the planet Saturn, symbolizing stability, boundaries, and patience. He governs structure, discipline, and long-term cycles. In traditional astrology, his position was used to assess earthly stability and agricultural conditions.	星官与星座 (Xīngguān yǔ Xīngzuò) - Star Officials & Constellations / Divine beings governing constellations and asterisms 北斗七星 (Běidǒu Qīxīng)北斗七星 (Běidǒu Qīxīng) - Gods of the Big Dipper – The seven stellar deities of the Big Dipper asterism (Ursa Major), each governing aspects of life, death, and destiny. They are revered in Daoism as controllers of time, seasons, and human fortune. Rituals are dedicated to them for longevity, protection, and guidance, and they are considered divine judges in the celestial bureaucracy. / 南斗六星 (Nándǒu Liùxīng)南斗六星 (Nándǒu Liùxīng) - Gods of the Southern Dipper – The six star gods of the Southern Dipper (part of Sagittarius), associated with life, longevity, and regeneration. They are believed to record human lifespans and bestow blessings of health and prosperity. Often contrasted with the Northern Dipper, they symbolize the balance of cosmic forces. / 二十八宿 (Èrshíbā Xiù)二十八宿 (Èrshíbā Xiù) - Twenty-Eight Lunar Mansions – A system of twenty-eight constellations used to track the moon’s monthly journey across the sky. Each mansion is governed by a star god and influences agriculture, astrology, and rituals. They form the foundation of Chinese astronomical and calendrical systems, linking celestial movements to earthly events. / 紫微垣 (Zǐwēi Yuán)紫微垣 (Zǐwēi Yuán) - Purple Forbidden Enclosure – The celestial realm surrounding the North Star, considered the heavenly palace of the Jade Emperor and the cosmic imperial court. Its stars represent emperors, royalty, and divine authority. It is the most sacred and central region in Chinese star lore, symbolizing order and power. / 天市垣 (Tiānshì Yuán)天市垣 (Tiānshì Yuán) - Heavenly Market Enclosure – A celestial area symbolizing the cosmic marketplace, governed by stars associated with trade, economy, and earthly goods. Deities here oversee commerce, wealth distribution, and social harmony. It reflects the importance of exchange and community in cosmic balance. / 太微垣 (Tàiwēi Yuán)太微垣 (Tàiwēi Yuán) - Supreme Palace Enclosure – The heavenly administrative center where celestial officials conduct divine governance. Its stars represent judges, ministers, and moral order. This enclosure emphasizes justice, bureaucracy, and the ethical management of the cosmos under the Jade Emperor’s rule.
	天神与天象 (Tiānshén yǔ Tiānxiàng) - Celestial Gods & Phenomena / Deities personifying celestial events and atmospheric forces 雷公 (Léigōng)雷公 (Léigōng) - God of Thunder – The powerful and fearsome deity who commands thunder, storms, and divine punishment. Often depicted as a muscular, winged figure with a hammer and chisel, he strikes thunderbolts to enforce cosmic justice, punish evildoers, and break droughts. He works alongside Dian Mu, the Goddess of Lightning, to maintain natural and moral order. / 电母 (Diànmǔ)电母 (Diànmǔ) - Goddess of Lightning – The radiant deity who controls lightning, often depicted holding mirrors that create brilliant flashes of light. She assists Lei Gong by illuminating the sky during storms, revealing truth, and carrying out divine retribution. She symbolizes clarity, sudden insight, and the piercing light of heaven that leaves no evil hidden. / 风伯 (Fēngbó)风伯 (Fēngbó) - God of Wind – The divine master of the winds, often shown as an elderly sage carrying a large bag from which he releases the winds upon the world. He works in harmony with other weather deities to bring seasonal changes, storms, or gentle breezes, ensuring natural balance and carrying out the will of heaven. / 雨师 (Yǔshī)雨师 (Yǔshī) - God of Rain – The controller of rainfall and nourisher of the earth, often depicted pouring water from a vase or basin. He provides life-giving rain for crops, ends droughts, and maintains the harmony of the natural world. Farmers and communities prayed to him for timely rains and protection from floods. / 云中君 (Yúnzhōng Jūn)云中君 (Yúnzhōng Jūn) - Lord of the Clouds – The deity governing clouds, mist, and atmospheric moisture. He is often depicted riding through the skies on a cloud chariot, controlling weather patterns and bringing life-sustaining moisture to the land. He represents the ever-changing yet constant presence of the sky. / 虹神 (Hóngshén)虹神 (Hóngshén) - Rainbow Deity – The divine being associated with rainbows, often seen as a serpent or dragon bridging heaven and earth. Rainbows were considered omens of harmony, renewal, and communication between realms. This deity symbolizes hope, beauty, and the restoration of balance after storms. / 雪神 (Xuěshén)雪神 (Xuěshén) - Snow Deity – The god or goddess who controls snowfall and winter weather. This deity brings the quiet, transformative blanket of snow that protects crops, purifies the land, and marks the seasonal cycle. Snow is seen as a symbol of purity, stillness, and the dormant potential of nature.	月宫之神 (Yuègōng zhī Shén) - Lunar Palace Deities / Beings residing in or associated with the moon 嫦娥 (Cháng'é)嫦娥 (Cháng'é) - Moon Goddess – The immortal residing in the Moon Palace, often depicted as a beautiful yet lonely figure. She ascended to the moon after consuming the elixir of immortality, separating her from her husband, the archer Hòu Yì. She is accompanied by the Jade Rabbit and symbolizes sacrifice, eternal beauty, and melancholy. Her story is central to the Mid-Autumn Festival, where offerings are made in her honor. / 玉兔 (Yùtù)玉兔 (Yùtù) - Jade Rabbit – The compassionate companion of Chang'e who tirelessly pounds the elixir of immortality in the Moon Palace. This mystical creature symbolizes selflessness, healing, and dedication. In some tales, it is also considered a divine healer and a guardian of herbal medicine. / 吴刚 (Wú Gāng)吴刚 (Wú Gāng) - Woodcutter on the Moon – A mortal cursed to eternally chop a self-healing cassia tree on the moon as punishment for his arrogance. His endless labor represents perseverance, humility, and the cyclical nature of effort and reward. He is sometimes depicted alongside Chang'e and the Jade Rabbit in lunar mythology.
	方向与时空之神 (Fāngxiàng yǔ Shíkōng zhī Shén) - Gods of Direction & Time / Deities governing spatial and temporal order 青龙 (Qīnglóng)青龙 (Qīnglóng) - Azure Dragon of the East – One of the Four Celestial Symbols, guardian of the east and spring. Representing wood and the power of growth, it symbolizes renewal, vitality, and divine protection. It is often associated with the emperor and celestial authority. / 朱雀 (Zhūquè)朱雀 (Zhūquè) - Vermilion Bird of the South – Mythical creature governing the south and summer. Symbolizing fire and elegance, it represents passion, transformation, and celestial beauty. It is a guardian of the southern heavens and a bringer of good fortune. / 白虎 (Báihǔ)白虎 (Báihǔ) - White Tiger of the West – Majestic guardian of the west and autumn. Representing metal and courage, it symbolizes strength, protection, and military prowess. It is both a defender against evil and a guide for the righteous. / 玄武 (Xuánwǔ)玄武 (Xuánwǔ) - Black Tortoise of the North – Divine hybrid of tortoise and snake, ruler of the north and winter. Symbolizing water and longevity, it represents endurance, wisdom, and stability. It is a protector against darkness and a symbol of cosmic balance. / 太岁 (Tàisuì)太岁 (Tàisuì) - God of the Year – Celestial ruler of time and Jupiter's counterpart, governing annual cycles and fortunes. Each year is under a specific Taishien's influence, and offending them is believed to bring misfortune. Rituals are performed to honor and appease this powerful deity. / 值时神 (Zhíshí Shén)值时神 (Zhíshí Shén) - Time-Keeping Deities – Divine beings overseeing specific hours, days, and seasons. They ensure the orderly passage of time and natural cycles. People consult them for auspicious timing in important activities like weddings, travels, and ceremonies.
冥界神 - Underworld & Judgment Deities (from the highest authorities down to the executors of justice, the realms of punishment, and finally the process of rebirth - reflecting the complex bureaucracy and moral order of the Chinese underworld)
冥界神 are the rulers and administrators of the afterlife in Chinese mythology, governing the realms of the dead with moral and judicial authority. Central figures include Yanluo Wang (阎罗王), the stern King of Hell who judges souls and assigns their fate; Dizang Wang (地藏王), the compassionate Bodhisattva who vows to save all beings from suffering; and the underworld judges Pan Guan (判官), who evaluate the deeds of the deceased. These deities embody themes of justice, karma, and redemption, reflecting the cultural integration of Buddhist, Daoist, and folk beliefs about death and the afterlife.	阎罗王 (Yánluó Wáng) - King of Hell 阎罗王 (Yánluó Wáng) is the formidable and just ruler of the underworld in Chinese mythology, presiding over the dead and governing the ten courts of Diyu (地狱), the Chinese hell. Originally derived from the Hindu-Buddhist deity Yama, he was integrated into Chinese folk religion and Daoist belief, where he became a central figure of moral judgment and karmic retribution. He is depicted as a stern, imposing figure in royal robes, often seated in a grand hall where the souls of the deceased are brought before him for judgment. Assisted by judges and ghostly attendants, he reviews each soul’s earthly deeds, determines their fate, and assigns punishments or rewards based on their actions in life. These punishments—which can include torment in various hells or rebirth into a new existence—are meant to purify the soul and uphold cosmic balance. Yanluo Wang embodies the principles of justice, order, and the inescapable consequences of one’s actions, serving as a powerful moral symbol in Chinese culture.
	地藏王 (Dìzàng Wáng) - Bodhisattva of the Underworld 地藏王 (Dìzàng Wáng) is the compassionate Bodhisattva of the underworld in Chinese Buddhism, vowing not to achieve full Buddhahood until all hells are emptied and every soul is saved from suffering. Often depicted as a serene monk holding a staff and a wish-fulfilling jewel, he represents mercy, patience, and the promise of redemption for even the most lost souls. His presence brings light to the darkest realms, offering hope and the possibility of spiritual liberation through endless compassion.	判官 (Pànguān) - Judges of the Dead 判官 (Pànguān) are the underworld judges who assist Yánluó Wáng in determining the fate of souls in Diyu (hell). Clad in official robes and holding brushes and ledgers, they meticulously review each soul’s lifetime deeds, sins, and virtues before passing sentence. They symbolize impartiality, bureaucratic order, and the moral principle that every action in life is recorded and judged in the afterlife.
	主宰与阎王 (Zhǔzǎi yǔ Yánwáng) - Sovereigns & Kings of Hell / The supreme rulers and administrators of the underworld 阎罗王 (Yánluó Wáng)阎罗王 (Yánluó Wáng) - King of Hell - Supreme Judge of the Dead – The stern and impartial ruler of the Chinese underworld who presides over the ten courts of Diyu. Derived from the Buddhist deity Yama, he judges souls based on their earthly deeds, assigning punishments or rebirth. He symbolizes cosmic justice, moral order, and the inescapable consequences of one's actions. / 地藏王 (Dìzàng Wáng)地藏王 (Dìzàng Wáng) - Bodhisattva of the Underworld - Savior of Lost Souls – The compassionate vow-taking bodhisattva who descends into hell to guide suffering souls toward enlightenment. He promises to delay his own Buddhahood until all hells are emptied, embodying mercy, patience, and the possibility of redemption for even the gravest sinners. / 东岳大帝 (Dōngyuè Dàdì)东岳大帝 (Dōngyuè Dàdì) - Emperor of the Eastern Peak - Overlord of the Underworld – The mighty deity of Mount Tai who governs life, death, and the underworld. Originally a mountain god, he became the celestial administrator of human fate and moral order, deeply revered in both Daoist tradition and imperial state religion. / 酆都大帝 (Fēngdū Dàdì)酆都大帝 (Fēngdū Dàdì) - Emperor of Fengdu - Ruler of the City of the Dead – The sovereign deity of Fengdu, the mystical underworld capital where souls are taken after death. He oversees the bureaucratic and punitive functions of the afterlife, ensuring that each soul faces judgment according to cosmic law.	判官与司录 (Pànguān yǔ Sīlù) - Judges & Recorders / Divine bureaucrats who assist in judging the souls of the deceased 判官 (Pànguān)判官 (Pànguān) - Underworld Judges - Deciders of Karmic Fate – The divine magistrates of the underworld who assist Yánluó Wáng in judging the deeds of the deceased. Clad in official robes and holding brushes and ledgers, they review each soul's life with impartiality, determining their punishment or reward based on their actions in life. / 黑白无常 (Hēibái Wúcháng)黑白无常 (Hēibái Wúcháng) - Black and White Impermanence - Soul-Summoning Enforcers – The two feared emissaries of the underworld who retrieve the souls of the deceased. Black Impermanence (Hēi Wúcháng) punishes evil souls, while White Impermanence (Bái Wúcháng) guides good souls. They represent the inevitability of death and the moral duality of fate. / 牛头马面 (Niútóu Mǎmiàn)牛头马面 (Niútóu Mǎmiàn) - Ox-Head and Horse-Face - Guardians and Captors of Souls – The fearsome underworld guardians with the heads of an ox and a horse. They serve as enforcers in Diyu, capturing rebellious souls, escorting the dead, and administering punishments. They symbolize the relentless and terrifying nature of divine justice. / 孟婆 (Mèng Pó)孟婆 (Mèng Pó) - Lady of Forgetfulness - Brewer of the Tea of Forgetting – The ancient goddess who awaits souls on the Nàihé Bridge. She serves her mystical soup or tea, which erases all memories of past lives before reincarnation. She embodies mercy, closure, and the cyclical nature of existence.
	地狱与刑狱 (Dìyù yǔ Xíngyù) - Hells & Punishment Realms / The realms and deities associated with post-mortem punishment and purification 十殿阎罗 (Shí Diàn Yánluó)十殿阎罗 (Shí Diàn Yánluó) - The Ten Kings of Hell - Rulers of the Underworld Courts – Ten divine judges who preside over separate courts in Diyu, each specializing in judging specific sins and administering corresponding punishments. Souls pass through each court in sequence, facing fair but stern judgment based on their earthly deeds before being assigned to rebirth or further purification. / 十八层地狱 (Shíbā Céng Dìyù)十八层地狱 (Shíbā Céng Dìyù) - The Eighteen Levels of Hell - Realms of karmic punishment – A system of layered underworld realms where souls undergo suffering tailored to their specific wrongdoings. Each level deals with particular sins - such as betrayal, murder, or disrespect - and punishments grow more severe deeper down, reflecting the principle of exact karmic retribution. / 血池地狱 (Xuèchí Dìyù)血池地狱 (Xuèchí Dìyù) - Blood Pool Hell - Punishment for violence and harm – A terrifying hell where souls who committed acts of violence, murder, or cruelty are submerged in a vast pool of boiling blood. This punishment symbolizes the consequences of harming others and serves as purification through suffering. / 寒冰地狱 (Hánbīng Dìyù)寒冰地狱 (Hánbīng Dìyù) - Ice Hell - Punishment for cold-heartedness and betrayal – A frozen underworld realm where souls who showed cruelty, treachery, or emotional coldness in life are condemned to eternal shivering and isolation in darkness and ice. It represents the opposite of warmth and compassion.	鬼卒与阴兵 (Guǐzú yǔ Yīnbīng) - Demon Guards & Underworld Soldiers / The enforcers and attendants who carry out the judgments of the underworld 鬼差 (Guǐchāi)鬼差 (Guǐchāi) - Ghostly Officers - Soul Escorts to the Underworld – The underworld constables tasked with guiding newly deceased souls from the mortal realm to Diyu. They ensure that souls do not stray or remain as ghosts, maintaining order between the living and spiritual worlds. / 罗刹 (Luóchà)罗刹 (Luóchà) - Malevolent Demons - Tormentors of Sinners – Fierce, shape-shifting demons who serve as executioners in the hells. They inflict punishments upon condemned souls with cruel creativity, embodying the terrifying and inevitable consequences of evil deeds. / 夜叉 (Yèchā)夜叉 (Yèchā) - Fierce Guardians - Underworld Executioners – Swift and powerful protectors of the underworld realms. They capture rebellious spirits, guard hell gates, and carry out sentences with unwavering loyalty to the kings of hell.
	轮回与超度 (Lúnhuí yǔ Chāodù) - Rebirth & Salvation / Deities and mechanisms governing reincarnation and spiritual release 转轮王 (Zhuànlún Wáng)转轮王 (Zhuànlún Wáng) - King of the Wheel of Rebirth - Governor of Reincarnation – The deity who presides over the final court in Diyu, determining the form and conditions of a soul's next life based on their accumulated karma. He turns the Wheel of Rebirth, assigning each soul to one of the Six Realms of existence, thus closing the cycle of judgment and beginning anew. / 奈何桥 (Nàihé Qiáo)奈何桥 (Nàihé Qiáo) - Bridge of Forgetfulness - Passage to Rebirth – The iconic bridge spanning the bitter river in the underworld, which all souls must cross before reincarnation. Here, Mèng Pó offers her Tea of Forgetfulness, erasing memories of past lives to ensure a clean slate in the next existence. / 望乡台 (Wàngxiāng Tái)望乡台 (Wàngxiāng Tái) - Platform of Home Longing - Final Glimpse of Earth – A terrace in the underworld where souls are permitted one last look back at their earthly homes and loved ones. This moment of bitters reflection acknowledges their attachment to the mortal world before they drink Mèng Pó's tea and move toward rebirth.
民间与道教神 - Folk & Daoist Deities (the diversity and depth of Chinese folk and Daoist belief, from everyday household worship to specialized professional and symbolic deities)
民间与道教神 comprise the diverse and beloved deities of everyday worship within Chinese folk religion and organized Daoism. This category includes Guan Di (关帝), the god of war and loyalty; Mazu (妈祖), protector of sailors and fishermen; Cai Shen (财神), bestower of wealth and prosperity; Zao Shen (灶神), the kitchen god who reports to heaven; and the Eight Immortals (八仙), who symbolize longevity and magic. These figures are deeply woven into the social and cultural fabric, representing practical blessings, moral virtues, and the interactive relationship between the divine and daily life.	八仙 (Bāxiān) - The Eight Immortals 八仙 (Bāxiān), or the Eight Immortals, are a group of legendary Daoist figures each representing a different condition of life - such as wealth, poverty, youth, age, aristocracy, and humility. They are renowned for their wisdom, magical abilities, and embodiment of the Daoist ideal of achieving immortality through spiritual cultivation and harmony with nature. Each immortal carries a distinct symbol: for example, Lǚ Dòngbīn wields a demon-slaying sword, and Hé Xiāngū holds a lotus flower. They are often depicted crossing the sea together, symbolizing unity and the overcoming of earthly obstacles through collective power. Venerated in art, opera, and folklore, the Eight Immortals serve as popular symbols of good fortune, protection, and the accessible path to transcendence available to all people, regardless of social status.
	关帝 (Guāndì) - God of War and Loyalty (Deified General Guan Yu) 关帝 (Guāndì), also known as Guān Yǔ, is the deified form of the historical general Guān Yǔ from the Three Kingdoms period. Revered as the god of war, loyalty, and righteousness, he is a central figure in Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. He symbolizes honor, brotherhood, and integrity, and is often depicted with a red face, wearing green robes, and holding the Green Dragon Crescent Blade. Worshiped by merchants, soldiers, and communities, he represents moral integrity, protection, and divine justice.	妈祖 (Māzǔ) - Goddess of the Sea 妈祖 (Māzǔ), also known as the Goddess of the Sea, is a beloved maternal deity originally from Fujian. She protects sailors, fishermen, and travelers, ensuring safe voyages and calming storms. Historically based on the compassionate maiden Lín Mòniàng, she embodies selflessness and divine grace. Venerated across coastal regions and Southeast Asia, she represents safety, mercy, and the interconnectedness of humanity and the ocean. Her temples are centers of community blessing and cultural heritage.
	财神 (Cáishén) - God of Wealth 财神 (Cáishén), the God of Wealth, is a highly revered deity in Chinese folk religion who governs prosperity, abundance, and financial success. Often depicted adorned in exquisite robes and carrying symbols of fortune such as gold ingots, a ruyi scepter, or a wealth bowl, he is believed to bless devotees with material and spiritual riches. Different versions include Civil and Military Gods of Wealth, each catering to distinct aspects of prosperity - business wisdom or assertive opportunity. Worshiped especially during Lunar New Year, he embodies the hope and pursuit of fortune and stability.	灶神 (Zàoshén) - Kitchen God 灶神 (Zàoshén), the Kitchen God, is a protective household deity who oversees the family’s hearth and moral conduct. Each year, just before Lunar New Year, he returns to heaven to report on the household’s behavior to the Jade Emperor, influencing their fate for the coming year. Families offer sweet foods to ensure he speaks favorably or remains silent about misdeeds. This ritual emphasizes accountability, harmony, and the spiritual significance of daily life and domestic virtue.
	月老 (Yuèlǎo) - God of Matchmaking 月老 (Yuèlǎo), the kindly Old Man of the Moon, is the beloved deity of love and marriage in Chinese mythology. Acting as a divine matchmaker, he tirelessly binds destined couples together with an invisible red thread tied around their ankles, ensuring that those fated to meet will find each other despite distance or circumstance. Often depicted as a gentle elder carrying a book of marriages or a scroll of fate, he represents hope, destiny, and the tender promise of lifelong partnership. Many pray to him for guidance in matters of the heart, leaving offerings at temples in hopes that he will weave their story into the grand tapestry of love.
	家神与守护神 (Jiāshén yǔ Shǒuhù Shén) - Household & Guardian Deities 灶神 (Zàoshén)灶神 (Zàoshén) - Kitchen God - Guardian of the Hearth and Family – The watchful deity who oversees the household kitchen and records the family's actions and morals over the year. Just before Lunar New Year, he ascends to heaven to report to the Jade Emperor, influencing the family's fortune. Offerings of sweets are made to ensure he gives a favorable report or remains silent about misdeeds. / 门神 (Ménshén)门神 (Ménshén) - Door Gods - Protectors Against Evil – Fierce-looking deities often painted on doors to ward off evil spirits, misfortune, and negative energy. Usually depicted as armored warriors like Qín Shūbǎo and Yù Chígōng, they symbolize security, strength, and the sacred boundary between the home and the outside world. / 土地公 (Tǔdì Gōng)土地公 (Tǔdì Gōng) - God of the Land - Local Guardian of Villages and Nature – A benevolent old man who protects local communities, fields, and graves. He ensures good harvests, fertility, and safety within his domain. Often shown with a smiling face, a staff, and a ingot, he is one of the most approachable and widely worshipped deities in rural China. / 床神 (Chuángshén)床神 (Chuángshén) - Bed God - Protector of Sleep and Fertility – The deity who watches over the bed, ensuring restful sleep, healthy dreams, and fertility for couples. Often invoked by families, especially newlyweds or those with young children, this god embodies intimacy, safety, and the renewal that comes from peaceful rest.	财富与事业之神 (Cáifù yǔ Shìyè zhī Shén) - Gods of Wealth & Profession 财神 (Cáishén)财神 (Cáishén) - God of Wealth - Bestower of Prosperity and Abundance – The overarching deity of fortune who governs financial success, prosperity, and material well-being. He is venerated by merchants, entrepreneurs, and households seeking blessings for wealth and stability. Often depicted surrounded by symbols of riches such as gold ingots, coins, and the wish-granting ruyi scepter. / 文财神 (Wén Cáishén)文财神 (Wén Cáishén) - Civil God of Wealth - Patron of Wise and Ethical Prosperity – Often represented as a dignified official holding a gold ingot or scroll, he symbolizes wealth attained through knowledge, strategy, and moral integrity. He is especially revered by scholars, administrators, and those who value wisdom and fairness in business. / 武财神 (Wǔ Cáishén)武财神 (Wǔ Cáishén) - Martial God of Wealth - Bringer of Assertive Success and Opportunity – Typically embodied by deified heroes like Guāndì or Zhào Gōngmíng, this deity represents wealth achieved through courage, leadership, and decisive action. Worshipped by soldiers, merchants in competitive fields, and those seeking protection along with prosperity. / 关帝 (Guāndì)关帝 (Guāndì) - God of War and Righteousness - Divine Patron of Loyalty and Commerce – The deified general Guān Yǔ, worshipped not only as a symbol of martial honor and brotherhood but also as a powerful guardian of business ethics and success. He is believed to bring integrity, trust, and wealth to those who act justly. / 范蠡 (Fàn Lǐ)范蠡 (Fàn Lǐ) - God of Merchants - Master of Business and Wealth Management – A historical advisor and successful trader who later became deified as a god of commerce and shrewd investment. He represents wisdom in business, the value of strategy, and the virtuous accumulation and distribution of wealth. / 鲁班 (Lǔ Bān)鲁班 (Lǔ Bān) - God of Carpentry and Craftsmanship - Patron of Artisans and Builders – A legendary master craftsman and inventor revered as the divine patron of woodworkers, builders, and engineers. He symbolizes innovation, precision, skill, and the prosperity that comes from dedicated craftsmanship.
	自然与地方之神 (Zìrán yǔ Dìfāng zhī Shén) - Nature & Local Deities 妈祖 (Māzǔ)妈祖 (Māzǔ) - Goddess of the Sea - Protector of Sailors and Fishermen – A beloved maternal deity originally from Fujian, she ensures safe voyages, calms storms, and rescues those in distress on the water. Venerated widely across coastal regions and Southeast Asia, she embodies compassion, safety, and the deep connection between humanity and the ocean. / 城隍爷 (Chénghuáng Yé)城隍爷 (Chénghuáng Yé) - City God - Guardian of Urban Communities and Moral Order – The divine magistrate of a city or town who oversees local affairs, protects residents, and judges the dead alongside underworld officials. He represents justice, community welfare, and the spiritual identity of a place. / 山神 (Shānshén)山神 (Shānshén) - Mountain God - Guardian of Peaks and Natural Power – A deity or spirit inhabiting and protecting a specific mountain. Revered by locals and travelers, he controls weather, wildlife, and resources, symbolizing the awe, mystery, and spiritual energy of high places. / 河神 (Héshén)河神 (Héshén) - River God - Ruler of Waters and Fertility – The divine spirit of a river, governing its flow, fertility, and sometimes its floods. Worshiped for abundant harvests, safe passage, and balance between human needs and natural forces. / 土地公 (Tǔdì Gōng)土地公 (Tǔdì Gōng) - God of the Land - Local Guardian of Villages and Nature – A benevolent old man who protects local communities, fields, and graves. He ensures good harvests, fertility, and safety within his domain. Often shown with a smiling face, a staff, and a ingot, he is one of the most approachable and widely worshipped deities in rural China.	婚姻与命运之神 (Hūnyīn yǔ Mìngyùn zhī Shén) - Gods of Love & Fate 月老 (Yuèlǎo)月老 (Yuèlǎo) - God of Marriage and Matchmaking - Weaver of Red Threads of Destiny – The kindly Old Man of the Moon who binds destined couples together with an invisible red thread. He records all mortal marriages in his book and ensures that soulmates find each other. Prayed to for love, harmony, and happy unions. / 和合二仙 (Héhé Èr Xiān)和合二仙 (Héhé Èr Xiān) - Immortals of Harmony and Union - Symbols of Peace and Joyful Relationships – Two cheerful deities, often depicted together with one holding a lotus (harmony) and the other a box (union). They promote marital bliss, family unity, and reconciliation, and are invoked to maintain peace in relationships. / 文昌帝君 (Wénchāng Dìjūn)文昌帝君 (Wénchāng Dìjūn) - God of Culture and Examinations - Patron of Scholars and Officials – The divine overseer of literature, learning, and civil service exams. He grants wisdom, success in studies, and career advancement. Students and scholars pray to him for clarity, memory, and favorable results. / 太岁 (Tàisuì)太岁 (Tàisuì) - God of the Year - Controller of Annual Fortune and Destiny – A celestial deity governing the year's luck, associated with Jupiter's orbit. Each year has a ruling Tàisuì, and offending them may bring misfortune. Revered to ensure a smooth and prosperous year ahead.
	健康与长寿之神 (Jiànkāng yǔ Chángshòu zhī Shén) - Gods of Health & Longevity 寿星 (Shòuxīng)寿星 (Shòuxīng) - God of Longevity - Star of Long Life – Often depicted as a wise, smiling old man with a high forehead and carrying a peach of immortality or a staff, he is the divine embodiment of health, longevity, and happiness. He is invoked during birthdays and celebrations to bless individuals with a long, prosperous, and peaceful life. / 保生大帝 (Bǎoshēng Dàdì)保生大帝 (Bǎoshēng Dàdì) - God of Medicine - Divine Physician and Healer – A greatly revered deity who originated as a historical physician known for his miraculous healing abilities. He is worshipped for protection against illness, granting medical wisdom, and ensuring recovery. Temples dedicated to him are often places where prayers for health are offered. / 麻姑 (Má Gū)麻姑 (Má Gū) - Goddess of Longevity - Immortal Maiden of Eternal Youth – A beautiful immortal who symbolizes long life and perpetual youth. She is often shown holding a peach of immortality or a basket of divine mushrooms. According to legend, she witnessed the sea turn into farmland three times, illustrating her timeless nature. / 药王 (Yàowáng)药王 (Yàowáng) - Medicine King - Patron of Herbalists and Healing – A divine figure representing the knowledge and power of traditional Chinese medicine. He is credited with discovering healing herbs and formulas that cure diseases and prolong life. He is especially revered by healers, pharmacists, and those seeking natural remedies.	行业与工艺之神 (Hángyè yǔ Gōngyì zhī Shén) - Gods of Trades & Crafts 窑神 (Yáoshén)窑神 (Yáoshén) - God of Kilns and Pottery - Guardian of Ceramics and Fire – The divine patron of potters, kiln workers, and ceramic artists. He ensures successful firings, protects against accidents, and blesses the creation of beautiful and functional pottery, porcelain, and tiles. Worshiped especially in regions known for ceramic production. / 茶神 (Cháshén)茶神 (Cháshén) - God of Tea - Patron of Tea Cultivation and Preparation – A deity revered by tea farmers, merchants, and connoisseurs. He is believed to oversee the growth of tea plants, the art of tea processing, and the spiritual ritual of tea drinking. Symbolizes purity, tranquility, and the cultural depth of tea. / 纺织神 (Fǎngzhī Shén)纺织神 (Fǎngzhī Shén) - Goddess of Weaving - Patron of Textiles and Cloth Making – Often associated with figures like Léizǔ or weaving immortals, this deity presides over spinning, weaving, embroidery, and the creation of clothing. She represents skill, patience, creativity, and the importance of cloth in daily and ceremonial life. / 酒神 (Jiǔshén)酒神 (Jiǔshén) - God of Wine - Patron of Brewing and Celebration – A joyful deity who oversees the fermentation of wine, the brewing of alcohols, and the communal enjoyment of drink. He is invoked for successful production, good harvests of grapes or grain, and the blessing of festivities and gatherings.
	吉祥与象征之神 (Jíxiáng yǔ Xiàngzhēng zhī Shén) – Gods of Auspice & Symbolism 福禄寿 (Fú Lù Shòu)福禄寿 (Fú Lù Shòu) - Gods of Blessings, Prosperity, and Longevity – A trio of deities representing the three essential blessings of life: Fú (good fortune), Lù (success and prosperity), and Shòu (longevity). Often depicted together as cheerful old men, they are invoked during celebrations to bring harmony, wealth, and health to households. / 钟馗 (Zhōng Kuí)钟馗 (Zhōng Kuí) - Demon Queller - Protector Against Evil Spirits – A fierce yet righteous deity known for hunting ghosts, demons, and malevolent forces. Despite his fearsome appearance, he is a beloved guardian in homes and temples, often depicted wielding a sword and wearing scholar's robes. He symbolizes justice, courage, and the triumph of good over evil. / 刘海 (Liú Hǎi)刘海 (Liú Hǎi) - God of Fortune and Playfulness - Spreader of Wealth and Joy – A cheerful immortal often shown with a string of gold coins and a playful toad. He is a popular folk deity who attracts wealth, happiness, and good luck, especially in business and daily life. His image is common in homes and shops. / 龙 (Lóng)龙 (Lóng) - Dragon - Symbol of Power, Wisdom, and Auspiciousness – The legendary serpentine creature representing imperial authority, heavenly blessing, and cosmic power. Unlike Western dragons, the Chinese dragon is a benevolent bringer of rain, harvest, and good fortune. It embodies strength, transformation, and the vibrant spirit of life.
佛教影响神 - Buddhist-Influenced Figures (their role and significance within Chinese Buddhist tradition and its syncretic blend with local beliefs. This structure reflects the seamless blending of Buddhist doctrine with Chinese cultural and spiritual values, showing how these figures are revered not only as religious icons but also as moral and symbolic guides)
佛教影响神 are the bodhisattvas, buddhas, and enlightened beings integrated into Chinese spiritual life, blending Indian Buddhist origins with local devotion and symbolism. Chief among them is Guanyin (观音), the Bodhisattva of Compassion and Mercy, often depicted in feminine form; Foshu (佛祖), referring to the historical Buddha Shakyamuni; and Milefo (弥勒佛), the future Buddha embodying joy and hope. These figures represent compassion, wisdom, and salvation, and have been deeply absorbed into Chinese culture, influencing art, ethics, temple worship, and the concept of universal relief from suffering.	观音 (Guānyīn) - Bodhisattva of Compassion 观音 (Guānyīn), known as the Bodhisattva of Compassion and Mercy, is one of the most beloved and widely venerated figures in East Asian Buddhism. Originally based on the Buddhist bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, Guānyīn is often depicted as a graceful, serene figure dressed in flowing white robes, holding a vase of pure water or a willow branch symbolizing healing and flexibility. Over time, Guānyīn took on a distinctly maternal and gentle role in Chinese spirituality, embodying infinite compassion, forgiveness, and the willingness to hear the cries of all beings. Unlike many stern or authoritative deities, Guānyīn offers unconditional kindness and is invoked for comfort, protection, and emotional healing. Often referred to as the 'Goddess of Mercy', she transcends religious boundaries and is deeply embedded in both Buddhist and Daoist traditions, as well as folk belief. Many turn to her in times of suffering, believing that her compassion extends beyond doctrine and into the deepest needs of the human heart.
	佛祖 (Fózǔ) - Buddha 佛祖 (Fózǔ), or Buddha Shakyamuni, is the historical founder of Buddhism, revered as the awakened one who attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. Born as Prince Siddhartha Gautama, he renounced his royal life to seek truth and an end to suffering. His teachings on the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and compassion form the core of Buddhist philosophy. He is depicted in serene meditation, with elongated ears, a ushnisha (cranial protrusion), and often seated on a lotus throne, symbolizing purity and spiritual liberation.	弥勒佛 (Mílèfó) - Maitreya, the Future Buddha 弥勒佛 (Mílèfó), or Maitreya Buddha, is the future Buddha who is prophesied to appear on Earth when the teachings of Shakyamuni have been forgotten. Known as the Buddha of Loving-Kindness, he is often portrayed as a joyful, rotund figure - especially in Chinese culture - symbolizing happiness, abundance, and contentment. In more traditional depictions, he appears as a slender bodhisattva awaiting his time to bring a new era of peace and enlightenment. He represents hope and the promise of universal salvation.
	佛 (Fó) - Buddhas / Fully enlightened beings who have attained Buddhahood 佛祖 (Fózǔ)佛祖 (Fózǔ) - Buddha Shakyamuni - The Historical Founder of Buddhism – Siddhartha Gautama, who attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree and taught the path to end suffering. He is revered as the supreme teacher of Dharma, embodying wisdom, compassion, and liberation. His teachings form the foundation of Buddhist philosophy and practice. / 阿弥陀佛 (Āmítuó Fó)阿弥陀佛 (Āmítuó Fó) - Amitabha Buddha - Lord of the Western Pure Land – The Buddha of Infinite Light and Life, who presides over Sukhavati, the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss. Devotees chant his name to be reborn in his paradise, where conditions are perfect for attaining enlightenment. / 药师佛 (Yàoshī Fó)药师佛 (Yàoshī Fó) - Medicine Buddha - Healer of Physical and Spiritual Suffering – The Buddha who embodies healing and compassion, often depicted holding a jar of medicinal nectar. He is invoked for recovery from illness, purification of karma, and overall well-being of body and mind. / 弥勒佛 (Mílèfó)弥勒佛 (Mílèfó) - Maitreya Buddha - The Future Buddha of Loving-Kindness – The compassionate Buddha-to-be who will appear on Earth when the current teachings are forgotten. He symbolizes hope, joy, and the promise of a future age of peace and enlightenment.	菩萨 (Púsà) - Bodhisattvas / Compassionate beings who delay enlightenment to save all sentient beings 观音 (Guānyīn)观音 (Guānyīn) - Bodhisattva of Compassion and Mercy – The immensely beloved embodiment of unconditional compassion who hears the cries of all beings. Often depicted with a vase of pure water and willow branch, she offers solace, protection, and healing to those in need, transcending religious boundaries between Buddhism and folk faith. / 文殊 (Wénshū)文殊 (Wénshū) - Bodhisattva of Wisdom – The bodhisattva who represents profound wisdom, discernment, and mastery of the Dharma. Often shown riding a lion and holding a sword to cut through ignorance, he is invoked by students, scholars, and practitioners seeking clarity and insight. / 普贤 (Pǔxián)普贤 (Pǔxián) - Bodhisattva of Practice and Meditation – The bodhisattva who embodies the application of Buddhist teachings into daily life through virtuous action, meditation, and perseverance. Typically depicted riding a six-tusked elephant, he symbolizes the unity of wisdom and compassionate action. / 地藏 (Dìzàng)地藏 (Dìzàng) - Bodhisattva of the Underworld and Beings in Hell – The compassionate vow-taking bodhisattva who descends into the hell realms to guide and liberate suffering souls. He promises not to achieve Buddhahood until all hells are emptied, representing ultimate compassion and determination.
	护法神 (Hùfǎ Shén) - Dharma Protectors / Fierce deities who defend the Buddhist teachings and practitioners 韦驮 (Wéituó)韦驮 (Wéituó) - Guardian of Temples and Monasteries – A devoted Dharma protector often depicted in armor, holding a vajra pestle. He is the vigilant defender of Buddhist monasteries, ensuring the safety of sacred spaces and the practitioners within. He symbolizes loyalty, strength, and unwavering protection. / 增长天王 (Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng)增长天王 (Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng) - Heavenly King Who Increases Goodness - Guardian of the South – One of the Four Heavenly Kings, he protects the southern direction and is associated with growth and compassion. He wields a sword to cut through ignorance and defend the Dharma. / 持国天王 (Chíguó Tiānwáng)持国天王 (Chíguó Tiānwáng) - Heavenly King Who Protects the Nation - Guardian of the East – The guardian of the eastern direction, he is often depicted playing a pipa (lute). He symbolizes harmony and uses music to soothe and protect all beings in his care. / 多闻天王 (Duōwén Tiānwáng)多闻天王 (Duōwén Tiānwáng) - Heavenly King Who Hears Much - Guardian of the North – The protector of the northern direction and the most prominent of the Four Heavenly Kings. He holds a stupa or umbrella and is associated with wealth and protection. He is also known as Vaiśravaṇa in Sanskrit. / 广目天王 (Guǎngmù Tiānwáng)广目天王 (Guǎngmù Tiānwáng) - Heavenly King With Keen Sight - Guardian of the West – The watchful guardian of the western direction, often depicted with a serpent or dragon. He symbolizes wisdom and perception, observing the world and protecting the Dharma with clarity and insight. / 金刚 (Jīngāng)金刚 (Jīngāng) - Vajra Beings - Wrathful Protectors of the Dharma – Fierce emanations of enlightened energy, often shown in dynamic, powerful postures. They represent the indestructible nature of truth and the forceful removal of obstacles on the path to enlightenment.	罗汉 (Luóhàn) - Arhats / perfected beings who have attained liberation and often serve as guardians of the Dharma 十八罗汉 (Shíbā Luóhàn)十八罗汉 (Shíbā Luóhàn) - The Eighteen Arhats - Perfected Disciples of the Buddha – A group of enlightened beings who followed the Buddha’s teachings, attained liberation, and remained in the world to protect and guide others. Each has unique attributes and symbols, representing wisdom, supernatural power, and dedication to the Dharma. / 五百罗汉 (Wǔbǎi Luóhàn)五百罗汉 (Wǔbǎi Luóhàn) - The Five Hundred Arhats - Assembly of Liberated Saints – A vast group of arhats who achieved enlightenment through the Buddha’s guidance. Often depicted in temple art and sculpture, they symbolize the diversity of paths to liberation and the communal nature of spiritual accomplishment.
	民间佛教神 (Mínjiān Fójiào Shén) - Folk Buddhist Deities / Figures from Buddhist tradition integrated deeply into Chinese folk religion 济公 (Jìgōng)济公 (Jìgōng) - The Mad Monk - Eccentric Saint and Miracle Worker – A beloved folk hero in Chinese Buddhism known for his unconventional behavior, compassion for the poor, and miraculous powers. Though he looked like a ragged drunkard, he embodied wisdom, humility, and the boundless play of enlightenment. / 妈祖 (Māzǔ)妈祖 (Māzǔ) - Goddess of the Sea - Compassionate Protector of Sailors – Although primarily a Taoist/folk deity, Mazu is often syncretized with Guanyin as a compassionate savior figure. She calms storms, guides ships, and is revered widely along China’s coast and in Southeast Asia. / 关帝 (Guāndì)关帝 (Guāndì) - God of War and Righteousness - Dharma Protector in Buddhism – The deified general Guan Yu, revered in Buddhism as a guardian of temples and a symbol of loyalty, justice, and moral integrity. He is often placed in temple halls as a protector of the Dharma and its followers.
精灵与神兽 - Spirits & Mythical Beasts (Spirits & Mythical Beasts, their nature and role within Chinese mythology - Beings from the most divine and benevolent to the more chaotic or symbolic, reflecting their varied roles in myth and folklore)
精灵与神兽 encompass the magical beings, mythical creatures, and nature spirits that populate Chinese folklore, religion, and literary tradition. These include the dragon (龙), a symbol of power, wisdom, and rain; the phoenix (凤凰), representing grace and renewal; the qilin (麒麟), a benevolent omen-bringer; and the nian beast (年兽), driven away during New Year celebrations. These entities often serve as guardians, omens, or symbols of cosmic harmony, blending animal symbolism with spiritual meaning and reflecting the deep connection between the natural and supernatural worlds in Chinese culture.	龙 (Lóng) - Dragon The dragon is the most iconic and revered mythical creature in Chinese culture, symbolizing power, wisdom, and auspiciousness. Unlike Western dragons, it is a benevolent celestial being associated with water, rain, and agricultural abundance. It represents imperial authority, strength, and transformation. Dragons are central to festivals, art, and folklore, embodying the dynamic harmony between heaven and earth.	凤凰 (Fènghuáng) - Phoenix The phoenix is a majestic bird symbolizing virtue, grace, and renewal. Often paired with the dragon, it represents the empress and feminine power. It appears in times of peace and prosperity, embodying harmony and high moral integrity. Its imagery is used in weddings and celebrations to signify hope and eternal beauty.
	麒麟 (Qílín) - Mythical Hooved Creature The qilin is a gentle, chimera-like omen-bringer with features of a deer, dragon, and horse. It symbolizes wisdom, prosperity, and divine blessing. Its appearance heralds the birth or reign of a sage or benevolent ruler. It embodies peace, compassion, and the harmony of nature.	年兽 (Niánshòu) - New Year Beast The nián is a mythical beast that supposedly emerged each New Year’s Eve to prey on villagers. To scare it away, people used loud noises, bright lights, and red decorations—traditions that evolved into modern Chinese New Year celebrations. It symbolizes the overcoming of fear and misfortune through unity and joy.
	神圣兽类 (Shénshèng Shòulèi) - Divine Beasts / Celestial and auspicious creatures symbolizing power, blessings, and cosmic harmony 龙 (Lóng)龙 (Lóng) - Dragon - Symbol of Power and Auspiciousness – The ultimate celestial creature in Chinese mythology, representing imperial authority, wisdom, and control over water and rain. Unlike Western dragons, it is a benevolent force of nature, associated with prosperity, transformation, and the harmonious balance between heaven and earth. / 凤凰 (Fènghuáng)凤凰 (Fènghuáng) - Phoenix - Symbol of Virtue and Renewal – A magnificent bird that represents grace, high virtue, and the empress. It appears in times of peace and prosperity, symbolizing renewal and the union of yin and yang when paired with the dragon. / 麒麟 (Qílín)麒麟 (Qílín) - Qilin - Omen of Wisdom and Prosperity – A gentle, hybrid creature with features of a deer, dragon, and horse. It appears to herald the birth of a great sage or a benevolent ruler, symbolizing wisdom, innocence, and divine favor. / 龟 (Guī)龟 (Guī) - Sacred Turtle - Symbol of Longevity and Stability – A revered creature representing endurance, wisdom, and the support of the cosmos. It is often depicted carrying sacred steles or supporting the world, embodying unwavering strength and eternal life.	自然精灵 (Zìrán Jīnglíng) - Nature Spirits / Beings embodying or guarding elements of the natural world 山精 (Shānjīng)山精 (Shānjīng) - Mountain Spirit - Guardian of Peaks and Wild Places – A mystical being inhabiting remote mountains, often depicted as a mischievous or reclusive creature. It represents the untamed power and mystery of high, secluded places. / 河伯 (Hébó)河伯 (Hébó) - River Deity - God of the Yellow River – The divine ruler of the Yellow River, controlling its waters and fertility. He is both a nurturing and dangerous figure, symbolizing the dual nature of water as life-giver and destroyer. / 狐仙 (Húxiān)狐仙 (Húxiān) - Fox Spirit - Shapeshifting Trickster and Guardian – A magical being capable of transforming into human form, often portrayed as either a benevolent guide or a mischievous seducer. It symbolizes intelligence, adaptability, and the blurring line between the mundane and the mystical. / 树妖 (Shùyāo)树妖 (Shùyāo) - Tree Demon - Spirit of Ancient Forests – A conscious entity inhabiting old trees, often possessing wisdom or a vengeful nature depending on how humans treat its home. It represents the sacredness and sometimes the peril of nature.
	守护与神仆 (Shǒuhù yǔ Shénpú) - Guardians & Divine Servants / Creatures that serve deities, protect places, or enforce cosmic order 谛听 (Dìtīng)谛听 (Dìtīng) - Earth-Listening Beast - Divine Attendant of Kṣitigarbha – A mystical lion-like creature with the ability to discern truth and hear everything in the world. It serves the Bodhisattva Dizang, symbolizing wisdom, loyalty, and supernatural perception. / 天狗 (Tiāngǒu)天狗 (Tiāngǒu) - Heavenly Dog - Eclipse-Causing Celestial Beast – A creature believed to devour the sun or moon during eclipses. It represents celestial phenomena, chaos, and the awe-inspiring power of the heavens. / 仙鹤 (Xiānhè)仙鹤 (Xiānhè) - Crane - Mount of Immortals and Symbol of Longevity – A graceful bird often shown carrying deities or sages on its back. It represents immortality, elegance, and the connection between heaven and earth.	妖与魔兽 (Yāo yǔ Móshòu) - Monsters & Demonic Beasts / Malevolent or chaotic beings representing danger and disorder 年兽 (Niánshòu)年兽 (Niánshòu) - New Year Beast - Bringer of Fear and Misfortune – A mythical creature that emerged each spring to terrorize villages. Its defeat through noise and light gave rise to New Year traditions, symbolizing the triumph of community over darkness. / 魑魅 (Chīmèi)魑魅 (Chīmèi) - Mountain Demon - Malicious Spirit of Wilderness – A harmful spirit dwelling in deep mountains, known to mislead and harm travelers. It embodies the dangers and unknowns of the untamed natural world. / 魍魉 (Wǎngliǎng)魍魉 (Wǎngliǎng) - Water Goblin - Mischievous Spirit of Rivers and Marshes – A shadowy being haunting wetlands, causing confusion and misfortune. It represents the mysterious and often perilous nature of water. / 无支祁 (Wúzhīqí)无支祁 (Wúzhīqí) - River Monster of the Huai - Chaos-Bringing Water Demon – A powerful monkey-like creature who caused floods and chaos in the Huai River until subdued by Yu the Great. It symbolizes untamed natural disaster and the need for order.
	文化象征兽 (Wénhuà Xiàngzhēng Shòu) - Cultural Symbolic Beasts / Mythical creatures representing philosophical ideas or moral values 貔貅 (Píxiū)貔貅 (Píxiū) - Wealth-Attracting Beast - Guardian of Treasure – A powerful, wingless lion-like creature that attracts wealth and protects against loss. It is believed to have a voracious appetite for gold and silver, making it a popular symbol in business and finance. / 饕餮 (Tāotiè)饕餮 (Tāotiè) - Gluttonous Monster - Symbol of Insatiable Greed – A fearsome being with an insatiable appetite, often depicted as a mask on ancient bronzes. It represents overindulgence, destruction, and the dangers of unchecked desire. / 混沌 (Hùndùn)混沌 (Hùndùn) - Primordial Chaos Beast - Embodiment of Formless Void – A faceless being representing the state of the universe before creation. It symbolizes infinite potential, confusion, and the unknowable nature of existence before order. / 白泽 (Báizé)白泽 (Báizé) - Beast of Wisdom - Knower of All Creatures and Spirits – A mystical creature that understands the nature of all beings and can speak human language. It shared its knowledge with the Yellow Emperor, becoming a symbol of divine wisdom and communication.
Main References for the Chinese Digital Theogony (中国数字神谱) 1. 《山海经》 (Shānhǎi Jīng) - Classic of Mountains and Seas - An ancient Chinese text containing mythic geography, creatures, and deities. A foundational bestiary and cosmological record. 2. 《封神演义》 (Fēngshén Yǎnyì) - Investiture of the Gods - A Ming dynasty shenmo novel that systematized much of Chinese mythology, especially the pantheon of gods and their hierarchies. 3. 《西游记》 (Xīyóu Jì) - Journey to the West - One of the Four Great Classical Novels; essential for understanding Buddhist and Daoist deities in popular culture. 4. 《搜神记》 (Sōushén Jì) - In Search of the Supernatural - A Jin dynasty collection of stories about gods, spirits, and immortals, crucial for early Chinese folk beliefs. 5. 《道藏》 (Dàozàng) - Daoist Canon - The entire corpus of Daoist texts, including scriptures, rituals, and hagiographies of deities. 6. 《神仙传》 (Shénxiān Zhuàn) - Biographies of Divine Immortals - By Ge Hong (葛洪); key source on Daoist transcendents and divine figures. 7. 《淮南子》 (Huáinánzǐ) - Writings of the Huainan Masters - A Han dynasty text rich in cosmological and mythological content, including the figures of Nüwa and Pangu. 8. 《楚辞》 (Chǔcí) - Songs of Chu - Contains ancient poetic references to gods and spirits, such as the "Nine Songs" section. 9. Yang, Lihui & An, Deming (2005). Handbook of Chinese Mythology - A modern, authoritative English-language reference on Chinese myths and deities. 10. Werner, E.T.C. (1922). Myths and Legends... - A classic comprehensive overview, though dated, still widely cited for its encyclopedic approach. 11. 《中国神话传说》 (Zhōngguó Shénhuà Chuánshuō) - Yuan Ke (袁珂) - The seminal modern work by the foremost mythologist; essential for scholarly structuring of Chinese myths. 12. 《中国道教诸神》 (Zhōngguó Dàojiào Zhū Shén) - 马书田 (Ma Shutian) - A detailed reference on Daoist deities, their origins, iconography, and roles. 13. 《佛教小百科》- 神话 (Fójiào Xiǎo Bǎikē - Shénhuà) - 方广锠 (Fang Guangchang) - Concise encyclopedia of Buddhist figures and mythology. 14. 《中华民俗文化：神祇》 (Zhōnghuá Mínsú Wénhuà: Shénqí) - Focuses on the integration of deities into Chinese folk religion and local worship practices. 15. 《永乐宫壁画》 (Yǒnglè Gōng Bìhuà) - Yongle Palace Murals - Not a text, but an invaluable visual and iconographic source for Daoist deity imagery and hierarchy.		References & Further Reading \| 参考书目 Yuan, K. (袁珂). Zhōngguó Shénhuà Chuánshuō (中国神话传说). The seminal modern compilation and analysis of Chinese myths by the foremost scholar in the field. Yang, L., & An, D. Handbook of Chinese Mythology. Oxford University Press, 2005. An authoritative English-language reference guide. Shānhǎi Jīng (山海经) - [Classic of Mountains and Seas]. The foundational pre-Qin text of mythical geography and creatures. Fēngshén Yǎnyì (封神演义) - [Investiture of the Gods]. A Ming dynasty novel that systematized much of the Chinese pantheon. Dàozàng (道藏) - [Daoist Canon]. The entire corpus of Daoist texts, including scriptures and deity hagiographies. Ma, S. (马书田). Zhōngguó Dàojiào Zhū Shén (中国道教诸神). A detailed study of Daoist deities and their iconography. Xīyóu Jì (西游记) - [Journey to the West]. One of the Four Great Classical Novels, essential for understanding Buddhist deities in popular culture.
This digital project was developed by Sky Division & Logios through a collaborative synthesis of classical texts and modern sinology. Table was inspired by the concept of "templates", used in Wikipedia.

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