Quaternary

The Quaternary Period spans from 2.58 million years ago to the present day, representing the latest chapter of Earth's history. It is characterized by dramatic climate shifts, defined by cyclical ice ages where massive glaciers repeatedly advanced and retreated across North America and Eurasia. These climate cycles heavily influenced global sea levels and shaped the modern landscape. Biologically, the Quaternary witnessed the rise and expansion of large mammals, such as mammoths and saber-toothed cats, many of which went extinct at the end of the last glacial maximum. Most significantly, this period is defined by the evolution, migration, and dominance of modern humans (Homo sapiens). Human civilization and its profound impact on the global environment mark the final phases of this period, leading many scientists to suggest a new, human-driven epoch called the Anthropocene.