All Nobel Prizes, 1901-2025

Between 1901 and 2025, the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel were awarded 633 times to 1,026 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 990 individuals and 28 organisations.

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The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 119 times to 230 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025. John Bardeen is the only laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. This means that a total of 229 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Physics.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 117 times to 200 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025. Frederick Sanger and Barry Sharpless have both been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice. This means that a total of 198 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 116 times to 232 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025.

The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 118 times to 122 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025.

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 106 times to 143 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2025, 112 individuals and 31 organisations. Since the International Committee of the Red Cross has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize three times (in 1917, 1944 and 1963), and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize two times (in 1954 and 1981), there are 28 individual organisations which have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel has been awarded 57 times to 99 laureates between 1969 and 2025.

Year	Category	Winner(s)	Citation
2025	Physics	John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis	“for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit”
2025	Chemistry	Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson and Omar M. Yaghi	“for the development of metal–organic frameworks”
2025	Medicine	Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi	“for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance”
2025	Literature	László Krasznahorkai	“for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art”
2025	Peace	Maria Corina Machado	“for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy”
2025	Economics	Joel Mokyr Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt	“for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress” “for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction”
2024	Physics	John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton	“for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks”
2024	Chemistry	David Baker Demis Hassabis and John Jumper	“for computational protein design” “for protein structure prediction”
2024	Medicine	Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun	“for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation”
2024	Literature	Han Kang	“for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life”
2024	Peace	Nihon Hidankyo	“for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again”
2024	Economics	Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson	“for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity”
2023	Physics	Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier	“for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter”
2023	Chemistry	Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus and Aleksey Yekimov	“for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots”
2023	Medicine	Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman	“for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19”
2023	Literature	Jon Fosse	“for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable”
2023	Peace	Narges Mohammadi	“for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all”
2023	Economics	Claudia Goldin	“for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes”
2022	Physics	Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger	“for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science”
2022	Chemistry	Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless	“for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry”
2022	Medicine	Svante Pääbo	“for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution”
2022	Literature	Annie Ernaux	“for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory”
2022	Peace	Ales Bialiatski, Memorial and Center for Civil Liberties	“for their outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy”
2022	Economics	Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig	“for research on banks and financial crises”
2021	Physics	Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann Giorgio Parisi	“for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming” “for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”
2021	Chemistry	Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan	“for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis”
2021	Medicine	David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian	“for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch”
2021	Literature	Abdulrazak Gurnah	“for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents”
2021	Peace	Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov	“for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace”
2021	Economics	David Card Joshua D. Angrist and Guido W. Imbens	“for his empirical contributions to labour economics” “for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships”
2020	Physics	Roger Penrose Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez	“for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity” “for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy”
2020	Chemistry	Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna	“for the development of a method for genome editing”
2020	Medicine	Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice	“for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus”
2020	Literature	Louise Glück	“for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal”
2020	Peace	World Food Programme (WFP)	“for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict”
2020	Economics	Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson	“for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats”
2019	Physics	James Peebles Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz	“for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology” “for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star”
2019	Chemistry	John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino	“for the development of lithium-ion batteries”
2019	Medicine	William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza	“for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability”
2019	Literature	Peter Handke	“for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience”
2019	Peace	Abiy Ahmed Ali	“for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea”
2019	Economics	Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer	“for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty”
2018	Physics	Arthur Ashkin Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland	“for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems” “for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses”
2018	Chemistry	Frances H. Arnold George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter	“for the directed evolution of enzymes” “for the phage display of peptides and antibodies”
2018	Medicine	James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo	“for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation”
2018	Literature	Olga Tokarczuk	“for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”
2018	Peace	Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad	“for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict”
2018	Economics	William D. Nordhaus Paul M. Romer	“for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis” “for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis”
2017	Physics	Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish and Kip S. Thorne	“for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves”
2017	Chemistry	Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson	“for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution”
2017	Medicine	Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young	“for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm”
2017	Literature	Kazuo Ishiguro	“who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world”
2017	Peace	International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)	“for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons”
2017	Economics	Richard H. Thaler	“for his contributions to behavioural economics”
2016	Physics	David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz	“for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter”
2016	Chemistry	Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa	“for the design and synthesis of molecular machines”
2016	Medicine	Yoshinori Ohsumi	“for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy”
2016	Literature	Bob Dylan	“for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”
2016	Peace	Juan Manuel Santos	“for his resolute efforts to bring the country’s more than 50-year-long civil war to an end”
2016	Economics	Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström	“for their contributions to contract theory”
2015	Physics	Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald	“for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass”
2015	Chemistry	Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar	“for mechanistic studies of DNA repair”
2015	Medicine	William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura Tu Youyou	“for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites” “for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria”
2015	Literature	Svetlana Alexievich	“for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time”
2015	Peace	National Dialogue Quartet	“for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011”
2015	Economics	Angus Deaton	“for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare”
2014	Physics	Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura	“for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources”
2014	Chemistry	Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell and William E. Moerner	“for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy”
2014	Medicine	John O’Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser	“for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain”
2014	Literature	Patrick Modiano	“for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation”
2014	Peace	Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai	“for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education”
2014	Economics	Jean Tirole	“for his analysis of market power and regulation”
2013	Physics	François Englert and Peter W. Higgs	“for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider”
2013	Chemistry	Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel	“for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems”
2013	Medicine	James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof	“for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells”
2013	Literature	Alice Munro	“master of the contemporary short story”
2013	Peace	Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)	“for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons”
2013	Economics	Eugene F. Fama, Lars Peter Hansen and Robert J. Shiller	“for their empirical analysis of asset prices”
2012	Physics	Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland	“for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”
2012	Chemistry	Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka	“for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors”
2012	Medicine	Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka	“for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent”
2012	Literature	Mo Yan	“who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary”
2012	Peace	European Union (EU)	“for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe”
2012	Economics	Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley	“for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design”
2011	Physics	Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess	“for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae”
2011	Chemistry	Dan Shechtman	“for the discovery of quasicrystals”
2011	Medicine	Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann Ralph M. Steinman	“for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity” “for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity”
2011	Literature	Tomas Tranströmer	“because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality”
2011	Peace	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman	“for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work”
2011	Economics	Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims	“for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy”
2010	Physics	Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov	“for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”
2010	Chemistry	Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki	“for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis”
2010	Medicine	Robert G. Edwards	“for the development of in vitro fertilization”
2010	Literature	Mario Vargas Llosa	“for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat”
2010	Peace	Liu Xiaobo	“for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China”
2010	Economics	Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides	“for their analysis of markets with search frictions”
2009	Physics	Charles Kuen Kao Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith	“for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication” “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor”
2009	Chemistry	Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath	“for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome”
2009	Medicine	Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak	“for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”
2009	Literature	Herta Müller	“who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed”
2009	Peace	Barack H. Obama	“for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples”
2009	Economics	Elinor Ostrom Oliver E. Williamson	“for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons” “for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm”
2008	Physics	Yoichiro Nambu Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa	“for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics” “for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature”
2008	Chemistry	Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien	“for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP”
2008	Medicine	Harald zur Hausen Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier	“for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer” “for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus”
2008	Literature	Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio	“author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization”
2008	Peace	Martti Ahtisaari	“for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts”
2008	Economics	Paul Krugman	“for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity”
2007	Physics	Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg	“for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance”
2007	Chemistry	Gerhard Ertl	“for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces”
2007	Medicine	Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies	“for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells”
2007	Literature	Doris Lessing	“that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny”
2007	Peace	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.	“for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change”
2007	Economics	Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin and Roger B. Myerson	“for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory”
2006	Physics	John C. Mather and George F. Smoot	“for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation”
2006	Chemistry	Roger D. Kornberg	“for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription”
2006	Medicine	Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello	“for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA”
2006	Literature	Orhan Pamuk	“who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures”
2006	Peace	Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank	“for their efforts to create economic and social development from below”
2006	Economics	Edmund S. Phelps	“for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy”
2005	Physics	Roy J. Glauber John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch	“for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence” “for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique”
2005	Chemistry	Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock	“for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis”
2005	Medicine	Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren	“for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease”
2005	Literature	Harold Pinter	“who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression’s closed rooms”
2005	Peace	International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei	“for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way”
2005	Economics	Robert J. Aumann and Thomas C. Schelling	“for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis”
2004	Physics	David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek	“for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction”
2004	Chemistry	Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose	“for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation”
2004	Medicine	Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck	“for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system”
2004	Literature	Elfriede Jelinek	“for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power”
2004	Peace	Wangari Muta Maathai	“for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace”
2004	Economics	Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott	“for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles”
2003	Physics	Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett	“for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids”
2003	Chemistry	Peter Agre Roderick MacKinnon	“for the discovery of water channels” “for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels”
2003	Medicine	Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield	“for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging”
2003	Literature	John M. Coetzee	“who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider”
2003	Peace	Shirin Ebadi	“for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children”
2003	Economics	Robert F. Engle III Clive W.J. Granger	“for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)” “for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)”
2002	Physics	Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba Riccardo Giacconi	“for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos” “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources”
2002	Chemistry	John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wüthrich	“for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules” “for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution”
2002	Medicine	Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston	“for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death”
2002	Literature	Imre Kertész	“for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history”
2002	Peace	Jimmy Carter	“for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development”
2002	Economics	Daniel Kahneman Vernon L. Smith	“for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty” “for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms”
2001	Physics	Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman	“for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates”
2001	Chemistry	William S. Knowles and Ryoji Noyori K. Barry Sharpless	“for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions” “for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions”
2001	Medicine	Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse	“for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle”
2001	Literature	Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul	“for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories”
2001	Peace	United Nations (U.N.) and Kofi Annan	“for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world”
2001	Economics	George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence and Joseph E. Stiglitz	“for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information”
2000	Physics	Zhores Alferov and Herbert Kroemer Jack Kilby	“for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics” “for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit”
2000	Chemistry	Alan Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa	“for the discovery and development of conductive polymers”
2000	Medicine	Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel	“for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system”
2000	Literature	Gao Xingjian	“for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama”
2000	Peace	Kim Dae-jung	“for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular”
2000	Economics	James J. Heckman Daniel L. McFadden	“for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples” “for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice”
1999	Physics	Gerardus ‘t Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman	“for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics”
1999	Chemistry	Ahmed Zewail	“for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy”
1999	Medicine	Günter Blobel	“for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell”
1999	Literature	Günter Grass	“whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history”
1999	Peace	Doctors Without Borders	“in recognition of the organisation’s pioneering humanitarian work on several continents”
1999	Economics	Robert Mundell	“for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas”
1998	Physics	Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui	“for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations”
1998	Chemistry	Walter Kohn John Pople	“for his development of the density-functional theory” “for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry”
1998	Medicine	Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad	“for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”
1998	Literature	José Saramago	“who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality”
1998	Peace	John Hume and David Trimble	“for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland”
1998	Economics	Amartya Sen	“for his contributions to welfare economics”
1997	Physics	Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips	“for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”
1997	Chemistry	Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker Jens C. Skou	“for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)” “for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase”
1997	Medicine	Stanley B. Prusiner	“for his discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection”
1997	Literature	Dario Fo	“who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden”
1997	Peace	International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Jody Williams	“for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines”
1997	Economics	Robert C. Merton and Myron Scholes	“for a new method to determine the value of derivatives”
1996	Physics	David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson	“for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”
1996	Chemistry	Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold Kroto and Richard E. Smalley	“for their discovery of fullerenes”
1996	Medicine	Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel	“for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence”
1996	Literature	Wisława Szymborska	“for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality”
1996	Peace	Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta	“for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor”
1996	Economics	James A. Mirrlees and William Vickrey	“for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information”
1995	Physics	Martin L. Perl Frederick Reines	“for the discovery of the tau lepton” “for the detection of the neutrino”
1995	Chemistry	Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland	“for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone”
1995	Medicine	Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus	“for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development”
1995	Literature	Seamus Heaney	“for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past”
1995	Peace	Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	“for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms”
1995	Economics	Robert E. Lucas Jr.	“for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy”
1994	Physics	Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull	“for the development of neutron spectroscopy” “for the development of the neutron diffraction technique”
1994	Chemistry	George A. Olah	“for his contribution to carbocation chemistry”
1994	Medicine	Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell	“for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells”
1994	Literature	Kenzaburo Oe	“who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today”
1994	Peace	Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin	“for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East”
1994	Economics	John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr. and Reinhard Selten	“for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games”
1993	Physics	Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr.	“for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation”
1993	Chemistry	Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith	“for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method” “for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies”
1993	Medicine	Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp	“for their discoveries of split genes”
1993	Literature	Toni Morrison	“who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality”
1993	Peace	Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk	“for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa”
1993	Economics	Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C. North	“for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change”
1992	Physics	Georges Charpak	“for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber”
1992	Chemistry	Rudolph A. Marcus	“for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems”
1992	Medicine	Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs	“for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism”
1992	Literature	Derek Walcott	“for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment”
1992	Peace	Rigoberta Menchú Tum	“for her struggle for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples”
1992	Economics	Gary Becker	“for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour”
1991	Physics	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	“for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers”
1991	Chemistry	Richard R. Ernst	“for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy”
1991	Medicine	Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann	“for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”
1991	Literature	Nadine Gordimer	“who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity”
1991	Peace	Aung San Suu Kyi	“for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights”
1991	Economics	Ronald H. Coase	“for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy”
1990	Physics	Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor	“for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics”
1990	Chemistry	Elias James Corey	“for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis”
1990	Medicine	Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas	“for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease”
1990	Literature	Octavio Paz	“for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity”
1990	Peace	Mikhail Gorbachev	“for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations”
1990	Economics	Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller and William F. Sharpe	“for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics”
1989	Physics	Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul	“for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks” “for the development of the ion trap technique”
1989	Chemistry	Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech	“for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA”
1989	Medicine	J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus	“for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes”
1989	Literature	Camilo José Cela	“for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man’s vulnerability”
1989	Peace	The 14th Dalai Lama	“for advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people”
1989	Economics	Trygve Haavelmo	“for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures”
1988	Physics	Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger	“for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”
1988	Chemistry	Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel	“for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre”
1988	Medicine	Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings	“for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment”
1988	Literature	Naguib Mahfouz	“who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind”
1988	Peace	United Nations Peacekeeping Forces	“for preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations”
1988	Economics	Maurice Allais	“for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources”
1987	Physics	J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller	“for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials”
1987	Chemistry	Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn and Charles J. Pedersen	“for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity”
1987	Medicine	Susumu Tonegawa	“for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity”
1987	Literature	Joseph Brodsky	“for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity”
1987	Peace	Oscar Arias Sánchez	“for his work for lasting peace in Central America”
1987	Economics	Robert M. Solow	“for his contributions to the theory of economic growth”
1986	Physics	Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer	“for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope” “for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope”
1986	Chemistry	Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi	“for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes”
1986	Medicine	Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini	“for their discoveries of growth factors”
1986	Literature	Wole Soyinka	“who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence”
1986	Peace	Elie Wiesel	“for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity”
1986	Economics	James M. Buchanan Jr.	“for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making”
1985	Physics	Klaus von Klitzing	“for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect”
1985	Chemistry	Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle	“for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures”
1985	Medicine	Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein	“for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism”
1985	Literature	Claude Simon	“who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition”
1985	Peace	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	“for spreading authoritative information and by creating awareness of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war”
1985	Economics	Franco Modigliani	“for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets”
1984	Physics	Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer	“for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction”
1984	Chemistry	Bruce Merrifield	“for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix”
1984	Medicine	Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César Milstein	“for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies”
1984	Literature	Jaroslav Seifert	“for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man”
1984	Peace	Desmond Tutu	“for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa”
1984	Economics	Richard Stone	“for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis”
1983	Physics	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William A. Fowler	“for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars” “for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe”
1983	Chemistry	Henry Taube	“for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes”
1983	Medicine	Barbara McClintock	“for her discovery of mobile genetic elements”
1983	Literature	William Golding	“for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today”
1983	Peace	Lech Wałęsa	“for non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland”
1983	Economics	Gerard Debreu	“for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium”
1982	Physics	Kenneth G. Wilson	“for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions”
1982	Chemistry	Aaron Klug	“for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes”
1982	Medicine	Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane	“for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances”
1982	Literature	Gabriel García Márquez	“for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts”
1982	Peace	Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles	“for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones”
1982	Economics	George J. Stigler	“for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation”
1981	Physics	Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur L. Schawlow Kai M. Siegbahn	“for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy” “for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy”
1981	Chemistry	Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann	“for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions”
1981	Medicine	Roger W. Sperry David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel	“for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres” “for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system”
1981	Literature	Elias Canetti	“for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power”
1981	Peace	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	“for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees”
1981	Economics	James Tobin	“for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices”
1980	Physics	James Cronin and Val Fitch	“for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons”
1980	Chemistry	Paul Berg Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger	“for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA” “for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids”
1980	Medicine	Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George D. Snell	“for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions”
1980	Literature	Czesław Miłosz	“who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts”
1980	Peace	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel	“for being a source of inspiration to repressed people, especially in Latin America”
1980	Economics	Lawrence R. Klein	“for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies”
1979	Physics	Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg	“for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”
1979	Chemistry	Herbert C. Brown and Georg Wittig	“for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis”
1979	Medicine	Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield	“for the development of computer assisted tomography”
1979	Literature	Odysseus Elytis	“for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man’s struggle for freedom and creativeness”
1979	Peace	Mother Teresa	“for her work for bringing help to suffering humanity”
1979	Economics	Theodore W. Schultz and Sir Arthur Lewis	“for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries”
1978	Physics	Pyotr Kapitsa Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson	“for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics” “for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation”
1978	Chemistry	Peter Mitchell	“for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory”
1978	Medicine	Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith	“for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics”
1978	Literature	Isaac Bashevis Singer	“for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life”
1978	Peace	Anwar al-Sadat and Menachem Begin	“for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978”
1978	Economics	Herbert Simon	“for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations”
1977	Physics	Philip W. Anderson, Sir Nevill F. Mott and John H. Van Vleck	“for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”
1977	Chemistry	Ilya Prigogine	“for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures”
1977	Medicine	Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally Rosalyn Yalow	“for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain” “for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones”
1977	Literature	Vicente Aleixandre	“for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man’s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars”
1977	Peace	Amnesty International	“for worldwide respect for human rights”
1977	Economics	Bertil Ohlin and James E. Meade	“for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements”
1976	Physics	Burton Richter and Samuel C.C. Ting	“for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind”
1976	Chemistry	William Lipscomb	“for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding”
1976	Medicine	Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek	“for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases”
1976	Literature	Saul Bellow	“for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work”
1976	Peace	Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan	“for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland”
1976	Economics	Milton Friedman	“for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy”
1975	Physics	Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson and James Rainwater	“for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection”
1975	Chemistry	John Cornforth Vladimir Prelog	“for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions” “for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions”
1975	Medicine	David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard M. Temin	“for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell”
1975	Literature	Eugenio Montale	“for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions”
1975	Peace	Andrei Sakharov	“for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations”
1975	Economics	Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich and Tjalling C. Koopmans	“for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources”
1974	Physics	Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish	“for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars”
1974	Chemistry	Paul J. Flory	“for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules”
1974	Medicine	Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E. Palade	“for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell”
1974	Literature	Eyvind Johnson Harry Martinson	“for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom” “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos”
1974	Peace	Seán MacBride Eisaku Satō	“for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world” “for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty”
1974	Economics	Gunnar Myrdal and Friedrich von Hayek	“for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena”
1973	Physics	Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever Brian D. Josephson	“for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively” “for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects”
1973	Chemistry	Ernst Otto Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson	“for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds”
1973	Medicine	Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen	“for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns”
1973	Literature	Patrick White	“for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature”
1973	Peace	Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho	“for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973”
1973	Economics	Wassily Leontief	“for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems”
1972	Physics	John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper and Robert Schrieffer	“for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”
1972	Chemistry	Christian Anfinsen Stanford Moore and William H. Stein	“for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation” “for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule”
1972	Medicine	Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter	“for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies”
1972	Literature	Heinrich Böll	“for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature”
1972	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund
1972	Economics	John R. Hicks and Kenneth J. Arrow	“for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory”
1971	Physics	Dennis Gabor	“for his invention and development of the holographic method”
1971	Chemistry	Gerhard Herzberg	“for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals”
1971	Medicine	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	“for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones”
1971	Literature	Pablo Neruda	“for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent’s destiny and dreams”
1971	Peace	Willy Brandt	“for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West”
1971	Economics	Simon Kuznets	“for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development”
1970	Physics	Hannes Alfvén Louis Néel	“for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics” “for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics”
1970	Chemistry	Luis Leloir	“for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates”
1970	Medicine	Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod	“for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation”
1970	Literature	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	“for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature”
1970	Peace	Norman Borlaug	“for having given a well-founded hope – the green revolution”
1970	Economics	Paul A. Samuelson	“for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science”
1969	Physics	Murray Gell-Mann	“for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions”
1969	Chemistry	Derek Barton and Odd Hassel	“for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry”
1969	Medicine	Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria	“for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses”
1969	Literature	Samuel Beckett	“for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation”
1969	Peace	International Labour Organization	“for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country”
1969	Economics	Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen	“for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes”
1968	Physics	Luis Alvarez	“for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”
1968	Chemistry	Lars Onsager	“for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes”
1968	Medicine	Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg	“for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”
1968	Literature	Yasunari Kawabata	“for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind”
1968	Peace	René Cassin	“for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in the UN Declaration”
1968
1967	Physics	Hans Bethe	“for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars”
1967	Chemistry	Manfred Eigen, Ronald G.W. Norrish and George Porter	“for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy”
1967	Medicine	Ragnar Granit, Keffer Hartline and George Wald	“for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye”
1967	Literature	Miguel Angel Asturias	“for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America”
1967	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section
1967
1966	Physics	Alfred Kastler	“for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms”
1966	Chemistry	Robert S. Mulliken	“for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method”
1966	Medicine	Peyton Rous Charles B. Huggins	“for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses” “for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer”
1966	Literature	Shmuel Agnon Nelly Sachs	“for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people” “for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength”
1966	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1966
1965	Physics	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman	“for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”
1965	Chemistry	Robert B. Woodward	“for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis”
1965	Medicine	François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod	“for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis”
1965	Literature	Mikhail Sholokhov	“for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people”
1965	Peace	United Nations Children’s Fund	“for its effort to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poor states”
1965
1964	Physics	Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov and Aleksandr M. Prokhorov	“for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”
1964	Chemistry	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	“for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances”
1964	Medicine	Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen	“for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism”
1964	Literature	Jean-Paul Sartre	“for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age”
1964	Peace	Martin Luther King Jr.	“for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population”
1964
1963	Physics	Eugene Wigner Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen	“for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles” “for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”
1963	Chemistry	Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta	“for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers”
1963	Medicine	Sir John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley	“for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane”
1963	Literature	Giorgos Seferis	“for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture”
1963	Peace	International Committee of the Red Cross and League of Red Cross Societies	“for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN”
1963
1962	Physics	Lev Landau	“for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium”
1962	Chemistry	Max F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew	“for their studies of the structures of globular proteins”
1962	Medicine	Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins	“for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material”
1962	Literature	John Steinbeck	“for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception”
1962	Peace	Linus Pauling	“for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West”
1962
1961	Physics	Robert Hofstadter Rudolf Mössbauer	“for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons” “for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name”
1961	Chemistry	Melvin Calvin	“for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants”
1961	Medicine	Georg von Békésy	“for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea”
1961	Literature	Ivo Andrić	“for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country”
1961	Peace	Dag Hammarskjöld	“for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter”
1961
1960	Physics	Donald A. Glaser	“for the invention of the bubble chamber”
1960	Chemistry	Willard F. Libby	“for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science”
1960	Medicine	Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar	“for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance”
1960	Literature	Saint-John Perse	“for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time”
1960	Peace	Albert Lutuli	“for his non-violent struggle against apartheid”
1960
1959	Physics	Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain	“for their discovery of the antiproton”
1959	Chemistry	Jaroslav Heyrovsky	“for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis”
1959	Medicine	Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg	“for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid”
1959	Literature	Salvatore Quasimodo	“for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times”
1959	Peace	Philip Noel-Baker	“for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace”
1959
1958	Physics	Pavel A. Cherenkov, Il´ja M. Frank and Igor Y. Tamm	“for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect”
1958	Chemistry	Frederick Sanger	“for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin”
1958	Medicine	George Beadle and Edward Tatum Joshua Lederberg	“for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events” “for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria”
1958	Literature	Boris Pasternak	“for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition”
1958	Peace	Georges Pire	“for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity”
1958
1957	Physics	Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee	“for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles”
1957	Chemistry	Lord Todd	“for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes”
1957	Medicine	Daniel Bovet	“for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles”
1957	Literature	Albert Camus	“for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times”
1957	Peace	Lester Bowles Pearson	“for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis”
1957
1956	Physics	William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain	“for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”
1956	Chemistry	Sir Cyril Hinshelwood and Nikolay Semenov	“for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions”
1956	Medicine	André F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards	“for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system”
1956	Literature	Juan Ramón Jiménez	“for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity”
1956	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section
1956
1955	Physics	Willis E. Lamb Polykarp Kusch	“for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum” “for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron”
1955	Chemistry	Vincent du Vigneaud	“for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone”
1955	Medicine	Hugo Theorell	“for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes”
1955	Literature	Halldór Laxness	“for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland”
1955	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1955
1954	Physics	Max Born Walther Bothe	“for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction” “for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith”
1954	Chemistry	Linus Pauling	“for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances”
1954	Medicine	John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins	“for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue”
1954	Literature	Ernest Hemingway	“for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style”
1954	Peace	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	“for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world”
1953
1953	Physics	Frits Zernike	“for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope”
1953	Chemistry	Hermann Staudinger	“for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry”
1953	Medicine	Hans Krebs Fritz Lipmann	“for his discovery of the citric acid cycle” “for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism”
1953	Literature	Winston Churchill	“for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values”
1953	Peace	George C. Marshall	“for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe”
1953
1952	Physics	Felix Bloch and E. M. Purcell	“for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”
1952	Chemistry	Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge	“for their invention of partition chromatography”
1952	Medicine	Selman A. Waksman	“for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis”
1952	Literature	François Mauriac	“for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life”
1952	Peace	Albert Schweitzer	“for his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one”
1952
1951	Physics	John Cockcroft and Ernest T.S. Walton	“for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles”
1951	Chemistry	Edwin M. McMillan and Glenn T. Seaborg	“for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements”
1951	Medicine	Max Theiler	“for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it”
1951	Literature	Pär Lagerkvist	“for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind”
1951	Peace	Léon Jouhaux	“for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations”
1951
1950	Physics	Cecil Powell	“for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method”
1950	Chemistry	Otto Diels and Kurt Alder	“for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis”
1950	Medicine	Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein and Philip S. Hench	“for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects”
1950	Literature	Bertrand Russell	“in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought”
1950	Peace	Ralph Bunche	“for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949”
1950
1949	Physics	Hideki Yukawa	“for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces”
1949	Chemistry	William F. Giauque	“for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures”
1949	Medicine	Walter Hess Egas Moniz	“for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs” “for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses”
1949	Literature	William Faulkner	“for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”
1949	Peace	Lord Boyd Orr	“for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war”
1949
1948	Physics	Patrick M.S. Blackett	“for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation”
1948	Chemistry	Arne Tiselius	“for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins”
1948	Medicine	Paul Müller	“for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods”
1948	Literature	T.S. Eliot	“for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry”
1948	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section
1948
1947	Physics	Edward V. Appleton	“for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer”
1947	Chemistry	Sir Robert Robinson	“for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids”
1947	Medicine	Carl Cori and Gerty Cori Bernardo Houssay	“for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen” “for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar”
1947	Literature	André Gide	“for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight”
1947	Peace	Friends Service Council and American Friends Service Committee	“for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations”
1947
1946	Physics	Percy W. Bridgman	“for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”
1946	Chemistry	James B. Sumner John H. Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley	“for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized” “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form”
1946	Medicine	Hermann J. Muller	“for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation”
1946	Literature	Hermann Hesse	“for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style”
1946	Peace	Emily Greene Balch John R. Mott	“for her lifelong work for the cause of peace” “for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries”
1946
1945	Physics	Wolfgang Pauli	“for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle”
1945	Chemistry	Artturi Virtanen	“for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method”
1945	Medicine	Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain and Sir Howard Florey	“for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”
1945	Literature	Gabriela Mistral	“for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world”
1945	Peace	Cordell Hull	“for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations”
1945
1944	Physics	Isidor Isaac Rabi	“for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”
1944	Chemistry	Otto Hahn	“for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei”
1944	Medicine	Joseph Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser	“for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres”
1944	Literature	Johannes V. Jensen	“for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style”
1944	Peace	International Committee of the Red Cross	“for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity”
1944
1943	Physics	Otto Stern	“for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton”
1943	Chemistry	George de Hevesy	“for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes”
1943	Medicine	Henrik Dam Edward A. Doisy	“for his discovery of vitamin K” “for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K”
1943	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section
1943	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section
1943
1942	Physics		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1942	Chemistry		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1942	Medicine		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1942	Literature		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1942	Peace		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1942
1941	Physics		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1941	Chemistry		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1941	Medicine		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1941	Literature		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1941	Peace		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1941
1940	Physics		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1940	Chemistry		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1940	Medicine		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1940	Literature		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1940	Peace		No Nobel Prizes awarded this year
1940
1939	Physics	Ernest Lawrence	“for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”
1939	Chemistry	Adolf Butenandt Leopold Ruzicka	“for his work on sex hormones” “for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes”
1939	Medicine	Gerhard Domagk	“for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil”
1939	Literature	Frans Eemil Sillanpää	“for his deep understanding of his country’s peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature”
1939	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section
1939
1938	Physics	Enrico Fermi	“for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”
1938	Chemistry	Richard Kuhn	“for his work on carotenoids and vitamins”
1938	Medicine	Corneille Heymans	“for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration”
1938	Literature	Pearl Buck	“for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”
1938	Peace	Nansen International Office for Refugees	“for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe”
1938
1937	Physics	Clinton Davisson and George Paget Thomson	“for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”
1937	Chemistry	Norman Haworth Paul Karrer	“for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C” “for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2”
1937	Medicine	Albert Szent-Györgyi	“for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid”
1937	Literature	Roger Martin du Gard	“for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault”
1937	Peace	Robert Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood	“for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace”
1937
1936	Physics	Victor F. Hess Carl D. Anderson	“for his discovery of cosmic radiation” “for his discovery of the positron”
1936	Chemistry	Peter Debye	“for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases”
1936	Medicine	Sir Henry Dale and Otto Loewi	“for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses”
1936	Literature	Eugene O’Neill	“for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy”
1936	Peace	Carlos Saavedra Lamas	“for his role as father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933, which he also used as a means to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935”
1936
1935	Physics	James Chadwick	“for the discovery of the neutron”
1935	Chemistry	Frédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie	“in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements”
1935	Medicine	Hans Spemann	“for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development”
1935	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section
1935	Peace	Carl von Ossietzky	“for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace”
1935
1934	Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section
1934	Chemistry	Harold C. Urey	“for his discovery of heavy hydrogen”
1934	Medicine	George H. Whipple, George R. Minot and William P. Murphy	“for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”
1934	Literature	Luigi Pirandello	“for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art”
1934	Peace	Arthur Henderson	“for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34”
1934
1933	Physics	Erwin Schrödinger and Paul A.M. Dirac	“for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory”
1933	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section
1933	Medicine	Thomas H. Morgan	“for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity”
1933	Literature	Ivan Bunin	“for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing”
1933	Peace	Sir Norman Angell	“for having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace”
1933
1932	Physics	Werner Heisenberg	“for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen”
1932	Chemistry	Irving Langmuir	“for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry”
1932	Medicine	Sir Charles Sherrington and Edgar Adrian	“for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons”
1932	Literature	John Galsworthy	“for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga”
1932	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1932
1931	Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1931	Chemistry	Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius	“in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods”
1931	Medicine	Otto Warburg	“for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme”
1931	Literature	Erik Axel Karlfeldt	“The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt”
1931	Peace	Jane Addams and Nicholas Murray Butler	“for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind”
1931
1930	Physics	Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman	“for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him”
1930	Chemistry	Hans Fischer	“for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin”
1930	Medicine	Karl Landsteiner	“for his discovery of human blood groups”
1930	Literature	Sinclair Lewis	“for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters”
1930	Peace	Nathan Söderblom	“for promoting Christian unity and helping create ‘that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'”
1930
1929	Physics	Louis de Broglie	“for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”
1929	Chemistry	Arthur Harden and Hans von Euler-Chelpin	“for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes”
1929	Medicine	Christiaan Eijkman Sir Frederick Hopkins	“for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin” “for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins”
1929	Literature	Thomas Mann	“principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature”
1929	Peace	Frank B. Kellogg	“for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact”
1929
1928	Physics	Owen Willans Richardson	“for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”
1928	Chemistry	Adolf Windaus	“for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins”
1928	Medicine	Charles Nicolle	“for his work on typhus”
1928	Literature	Sigrid Undset	“principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages”
1928	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1928
1927	Physics	Arthur H. Compton C.T.R. Wilson	“for his discovery of the effect named after him” “for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”
1927	Chemistry	Heinrich Wieland	“for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances”
1927	Medicine	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	“for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica”
1927	Literature	Henri Bergson	“in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented”
1927	Peace	Ferdinand Buisson and Ludwig Quidde	“for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation”
1927
1926	Physics	Jean Baptiste Perrin	“for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”
1926	Chemistry	The Svedberg	“for his work on disperse systems”
1926	Medicine	Johannes Fibiger	“for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma”
1926	Literature	Grazia Deledda	“for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general”
1926	Peace	Aristide Briand and Gustav Stresemann	“for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty”
1926
1925	Physics	James Franck and Gustav Hertz	“for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”
1925	Chemistry	Richard Zsigmondy	“for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry”
1925	Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1925	Literature	George Bernard Shaw	“for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty”
1925	Peace	Sir Austen Chamberlain Charles G. Dawes	“for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty” “for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan”
1925
1924	Physics	Manne Siegbahn	“for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”
1924	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1924	Medicine	Willem Einthoven	“for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram”
1924	Literature	Władysław Reymont	“for his great national epic, The Peasants”
1924	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1924
1923	Physics	Robert A. Millikan	“for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”
1923	Chemistry	Fritz Pregl	“for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances”
1923	Medicine	Frederick G. Banting and John Macleod	“for the discovery of insulin”
1923	Literature	William Butler Yeats	“for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation”
1923	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1923
1922	Physics	Niels Bohr	“for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”
1922	Chemistry	Francis W. Aston	“for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule”
1922	Medicine	Archibald V. Hill Otto Meyerhof	“for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle” “for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle”
1922	Literature	Jacinto Benavente	“for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama”
1922	Peace	Fridtjof Nansen	“for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations’ High Commissioner for refugees”
1922
1921	Physics	Albert Einstein	“for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”
1921	Chemistry	Frederick Soddy	“for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes”
1921	Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1921	Literature	Anatole France	“in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament”
1921	Peace	Hjalmar Branting and Christian Lange	“for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism”
1921
1920	Physics	Charles Edouard Guillaume	“in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
1920	Chemistry	Walther Nernst	“in recognition of his work in thermochemistry”
1920	Medicine	August Krogh	“for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism”
1920	Literature	Knut Hamsun	“for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil”
1920	Peace	Léon Bourgeois	“for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations”
1920
1919	Physics	Johannes Stark	“for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields”
1919	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1919	Medicine	Jules Bordet	“for his discoveries relating to immunity”
1919	Literature	Carl Spitteler	“in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring”
1919	Peace	Woodrow Wilson	“for his role as founder of the League of Nations”
1919
1918	Physics	Max Planck	“in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta”
1918	Chemistry	Fritz Haber	“for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements”
1918	Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1918	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1918	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1918
1917	Physics	Charles Glover Barkla	“for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements”
1917	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1917	Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1917	Literature	Karl Gjellerup Henrik Pontoppidan	“for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals” “for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark”
1917	Peace	International Committee of the Red Cross	“for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families”
1917
1916	Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1916	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1916	Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1916	Literature	Verner von Heidenstam	“in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature”
1916	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1916
1915	Physics	William Bragg and Lawrence Bragg	“for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”
1915	Chemistry	Richard Willstätter	“for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll”
1915	Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1915	Literature	Romain Rolland	“as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings”
1915	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1915
1914	Physics	Max von Laue	“for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals”
1914	Chemistry	Theodore W. Richards	“in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements”
1914	Medicine	Robert Bárány	“for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus”
1914	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1914	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1914
1913	Physics	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	“for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium”
1913	Chemistry	Alfred Werner	“in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry”
1913	Medicine	Charles Richet	“in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”
1913	Literature	Rabindranath Tagore	“because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West”
1913	Peace	Henri La Fontaine	“for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of peaceful internationalism”
1913
1912	Physics	Gustaf Dalén	“for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys”
1912	Chemistry	Victor Grignard Paul Sabatier	“for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry” “for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years”
1912	Medicine	Alexis Carrel	“in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs”
1912	Literature	Gerhart Hauptmann	“primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art”
1912	Peace	Elihu Root	“for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries”
1912
1911	Physics	Wilhelm Wien	“for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat”
1911	Chemistry	Marie Curie	“in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element”
1911	Medicine	Allvar Gullstrand	“for his work on the dioptrics of the eye”
1911	Literature	Maurice Maeterlinck	“in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers’ own feelings and stimulate their imaginations”
1911	Peace	Tobias Asser Alfred Fried	“for his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international, initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at the Hague, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations” “for his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war, namely, the anarchy in international relations”
1911
1910	Physics	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	“for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids”
1910	Chemistry	Otto Wallach	“in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds”
1910	Medicine	Albrecht Kossel	“in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances”
1910	Literature	Paul Heyse	“as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories”
1910	Peace	Permanent International Peace Bureau	“for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries, and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement”
1910
1909	Physics	Guglielmo Marconi and Ferdinand Braun	“in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy”
1909	Chemistry	Wilhelm Ostwald	“in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction”
1909	Medicine	Theodor Kocher	“for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”
1909	Literature	Selma Lagerlöf	“in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings”
1909	Peace	Auguste Beernaert and Paul Henri d’Estournelles de Constant	“for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration”
1909
1908	Physics	Gabriel Lippmann	“for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference”
1908	Chemistry	Ernest Rutherford	“for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances”
1908	Medicine	Ilya Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich	“in recognition of their work on immunity”
1908	Literature	Rudolf Eucken	“in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life”
1908	Peace	Klas Pontus Arnoldson and Fredrik Bajer	“for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors”
1908
1907	Physics	Albert A. Michelson	“for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid”
1907	Chemistry	Eduard Buchner	“for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation”
1907	Medicine	Alphonse Laveran	“in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases”
1907	Literature	Rudyard Kipling	“in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author”
1907	Peace	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Louis Renault	“for his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy” “for his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences”
1907
1906	Physics	J.J. Thomson	“in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”
1906	Chemistry	Henri Moissan	“in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him”
1906	Medicine	Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal	“in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”
1906	Literature	Giosuè Carducci	“not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces”
1906	Peace	Theodore Roosevelt	“for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world’s great powers, Japan and Russia”
1906
1905	Physics	Philipp Lenard	“for his work on cathode rays”
1905	Chemistry	Adolf von Baeyer	“in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds”
1905	Medicine	Robert Koch	“for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis”
1905	Literature	Henryk Sienkiewicz	“because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer”
1905	Peace	Bertha von Suttner	“for her audacity to oppose the horrors of war”
1905
1904	Physics	Lord Rayleigh	“for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies”
1904	Chemistry	Sir William Ramsay	“in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system”
1904	Medicine	Ivan Pavlov	“in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged”
1904	Literature	Frédéric Mistral José Echegaray	“in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist” “in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama”
1904	Peace	Institute of International Law	“for its striving in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and to make the laws of war more humane”
1904
1903	Physics	Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie and Marie Curie	“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity” “in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel”
1903	Chemistry	Svante Arrhenius	“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation”
1903	Medicine	Niels Ryberg Finsen	“in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science”
1903	Literature	Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson	“as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit”
1903	Peace	Randal Cremer	“for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration”
1903
1902	Physics	Hendrik A. Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman	“in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”
1902	Chemistry	Emil Fischer	“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses”
1902	Medicine	Ronald Ross	“for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it”
1902	Literature	Theodor Mommsen	“the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome”
1902	Peace	Élie Ducommun and Albert Gobat	“for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau” “for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union”
1902	Economics
1901	Physics	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”
1901	Chemistry	Jacobus H. van ‘t Hoff	“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions”
1901	Medicine	Emil von Behring	“for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths”
1901	Literature	Sully Prudhomme	“in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect”
1901	Peace	Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy	“for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding” “for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration”
1901	Economics

 
 Sky Division & Logios, June 2026